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Decreasing variety of plant foods used in developing countries

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Abstract

During this century the science of nutrition has rapidly expanded and knowledge of nutrients in food and human requirements has greatly increased.

This research has tended to concentrate on isolated nutrients and foods and has given the erroneous impression that the provision of a nutritious diet is a simple matter of adjusting intake of known nutrients to meet needs. Mankind does not eat foods in isolation but in mixtures which have evolved in each region over centuries—blended for desirable tastes, textures and colours. They contain hundreds of nutrients and other compounds which interact and cause changes in absorption and action. Furthermore, requirements vary for each individual and for many nutrients, particularly the trace elements, they are unknown.

The maxim, ‘Safety in Numbers’, therefore also applies in the field of nutrition. Choice is limited by factors such as climate, eating patterns and shortage of food or purchasing power and the greater the variety of food that can be eaten within these constrictions—the greater the chance of a well-balanced diet. This great variety of foods ensured the survival of our huntergatherer ancestors but the number of foods has steadily declined with each stage of man's subsequent development. The advent of agriculture brought concentration on a few ‘staple’ crops providing most of the energy and protein requirements but deficient in some of the known essential vitamins and minerals.

However, these foods alone were monotonous and unpalatable and so they were eaten with sauces and relishes containing a variety of food, mostly gathered wild, rich in the nutrients deficient in the staple. Mankind, therefore, in satisfying, his appetite, ensured his nutritional needs and the consequent expansion of population brought problems of deprivation. Conditions of proverty restrict both quantity and variety of food. Hunter gatherers used several thousands of different foods and the decline began with shifting cultivation. Settled agriculture increased pressure on the land with receding areas for the collection of wild plants and animals and wood for fuel. Urban development and market economies further concentrated production on a few high yielding marketable varieties.

Some species and varieties are being lost completely—depleting the genetic stock and our knowledge of the use of these plants.

There is urgent need for research and conservation.

Zusammenfassung

Die Ernährungswissenschaft hat sich innerhalb dieses Jahrhunderts rasch ausgeweitet—das Wissen um die Inhaltstoffe in der Nahrung und der menschlichen Bedürfnisse sich beträchtlich vermehrt. Diese Forschung tendierte zu einer isolierten Betrachtung einzelner Inhaltsstoffe und Nahrungsmittel, und es ergab sich der irrtümliche Eindruck, daß die Versorgung durch eine bestimmte Diät auf einfache Weise durch Aufnahme bisher bekannter Inhaltsstoffe zu regulieren sei. Kein Mensch aber nimmt Nahrungsmittel in isolierter Form auf, vielmehr gemischt, was sich in jeder Region über Jahrhunderte entwickelt hat—gemischt des wünschenswerten Geschmacks wegen, der Textur und der Farbe. Diese Nahrung enthält Hunderte von Nährstoffen und anderen Verbindungen, es ergeben sich Interaktionen und Veränderungen in der Absorbtion und Wirkung. Weitherin variieren die Bedürfnisse für jedes Individuum, ferner die Gehalte an Inhaltsstoffen—speziell an Spurenelementen. All dies ist weitgehend unbekannt.

Das Motto ‘Sicherheit durch Vielfalt’ gilt also deswegen auch für den Ernährungssektor. Die Auswahl ist begrenzt durch Faktoren, z.B. Klima, übliche Eßgewohnheiten, Zubereitung der Gerichte oder Kaufkraft. Je größer innerhalb dieser Zusammenhänge die Vielfalt des Essens sein kann, umso mehr besteht die Möglichkeit, für eine ausgewogene Diät. Diese große Vielfalt gab den Nachkommen unserer Jäger-Sammler-Vorfahren eine große Sicherheit, aber sie nahm mit jedem Zeitalter durch menschliches Wirken ständig ab.

Mit dem Fortschritt der Landwirtschaft ergab sich eine Konzentration auf wenige ‘Standard-Kulturen’—meist ausgerichtet auf den Energie- und Eiweißbedarf—aber nachteilig hinsichtlich einiger bekannter essentieller Vitamine und Mineralstoffe. Jedenfalls wurden solche Nahrungsmittel für sich allein einseitig und geschmacklos, daher verzehrte man sie mit Beigaben und Gewürzen, die eine Vielfalt darboten—meist wild gesammelt, aber reich an Stoffen, die den Kulturpflanzen fehlten. Um seinen Hunger zu stillen, sicherte sich daher jeder Mensch seinen Nahrungsbedarf, und die folgende Bevölkerungs-expansion ergab Probleme der Beschränkung. Mangel bedingte Abnahme sowohl der Menge als auch der Qualität der Nahrung. Jägern und Sammlern standen etliche Tausend an Nahrungsstoffen zur Verfügung, die Einseitigkeit begann mit Ausbreitung der Kultivierung und Domestizierung. Siedler engten die Flächen zur Sammlung von Wildpflanzen, zum Jagen von Tieren und durch Verwendung von Holz als Bremmaterial ein. Schließlich konzentrierte sich die Produktion durch Entwicklung der Städte und der damit verbundenen Markt-Gegebenheiten auf wenige Arten mit hohem Ertrag und Marktwert.

Manche Arten und Sorten sind unwiederbringlich verloren—durch Verlust des genetischen Potentials und der Kenntnis der Nützlichkeit dieser Pflanzen. Hierin liegt ein wichtiges Anliegen für Forschung und Überlieferung.

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Doughty, J. Decreasing variety of plant foods used in developing countries. Plant Food Hum Nutr 29, 163–177 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02590272

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