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The effects of a vegetarian and vegan diet on plasma and erythrocyte lipids

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Abstract

Vegetarians usually consume milk, cheese and eggs, whilst vegans consume a diet consisting entirely of plant foods. The protein in a vegan diet is therefore entirely of plant origin. The vegan diet also differs from that of vegetarians and omnivores in having a lower fat content, no cholesterol and a high proportion of short-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid. The diet of large numbers of people in the Third World is predominantly of plant origin and vegans are an excellent natural ‘experimental model’ for the study of the effects of such a diet on plasma and membrane lipids.

The serum cholesterol and triglycerides were lower in vegans, but not in vegetarians, than in age-sex-matched omnivores. Vegan plasma phosphoglycerides contained a lower proportion of 16∶0 and 18∶1 fatty acids, but a higher proportion of 18∶2ω6. The proportion of the longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω6 series tended to be higher and the differences were significant for 20∶2ω6, 20∶4ω6 and 22∶4ω6. The proportion of the fatty acids of the ω3 series were lower. Similar differences were found in the erythrocytes. The concentrations in vegetarians were intermediate between those of vegans and omnivores.

It is concluded that a vegan diet may have some benefit in that it results in lower serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides. The importance of the differences in membrane fatty acid.

Vegetarians usually consume milk, cheese and eggs, whilst vegans, for a variety of reasons, consume a diet consisting only of unrefined cereal, legumes, nuts and vegetable and fruit products. The protein in a vegan diet is therefore solely of plant origin. The diet of vegans differs, however, from that of vegetarians and omnivores in respect of its lipid content, for not only is the total amount of lipid lower, but it contains no cholesterol or long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, that is fatty acids with a carbon chain length of twenty carbon atoms or more. On the other hand, it contains a high proportion of short chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, notably linoleic and linolenic acids.

The health of vegetarians and vegans appears to differ little from that of omnivores (Hardinge & Stare, 1954; Ellis & Montegriffo, 1970; Ellis, West & Sanders, 1977). Indeed, a vegan diet might be though to offer some advantage in relation to arteriosclerosis because animal tat has been implicated in its aetiology (Royal College of Physicians, 1976). In support of this suggestion, epidemiological evidence shows that the incidence of ischaemic heart disease is lower in countries where the typical diet contains a low proportion of animal products. However, in experimental animals changes in the fatty acid composition of the diet result in changes in the fatty acids of cell membranes which are associated with changes in the behaviour and function of the membranes (Holman, 1970a,b). In man information about these effects is not easily obtained and seemea to be important in view of the fact that the diet of large numbers of people in the Third World is predominantly of plant origin. Vegans seemed to offer an excellent natural ‘experimental model’ for the study of these effects. We decided also to study individuals on a vegetarian diet which is intermediate between that of vegans and omnivores and also because in this country vegetarians are much more common than vegans and the number of people adopting this diet seems to be increasing.

Zusammenfassung

Die Gesundheit von Vegetariern und strengen Vegetariern scheint sich etwas von der der Gemischtköstler zu unterscheiden. Vegetarier verzehren nur einige Arten von Proteinen tierischer Herkuntt, strenge Vegetarier überhaupt keine. Diese Diäten, vor allem die der strengen Vegetarier differieren in einer weiteren wichtigen Hinsicht von denen der Gemischköstler. Sie enthalten nicht solche Lipide, von denen man annimmt, daß sie nur in tierischen Geweben auftreten und die ferner wichtige Komponenten der Zellmembran darstellen. Veränderungen im Verhalten und in der Funktion der Zellmembran ergeben sich im Tieversuch mit Unterschieden im Festsäurespektrum.

Es standen zur Verfügung: Blutplasmaproben von 23 strengen Vegetariern, 12 Vegetariern und 22 Gemischtköstlern vergleichbaren Alters sowie Erythrozyten-Proben von 18 strengen Vegetariern und 18 im Alter und Geschlecht entsprechenden Gemischtköstlern, ferner von 10 im Alter, dem Geschlecht entsprechenden strengen Vegetariern, Vegetariern und Gemischtköstlern.

Sowohl bei männlichen als auch bei weiblichen strengen Vegetariern ist der Cholesterin-Spiegel des Plasmas niedriger als bei Gemischtköstlern (p<0,01) oder Vegetariern, obwohl die Differenz zu den letzteren nicht signifikant ist. Die Serum-Triglyceride sind bei männlichen strengen Vegetariern niedriger, jedoch nicht bei den weiblichen.

Die Plasma-Cholinphosphoglyceride bei strengen Vegetariern enthalten einen höheren Anteil an hochungsättigten Fettsäuren (PUFA), vor allem an Linolsäure (18∶2ω6) als bei Gemischtköstlern. Die langkettigen ‘PUFA's’ von strengen Vegetariern haben einen größeren Anteil von ω6-Fettsäuren und einen niedrigeren von ω3-Fettsäuren, die aus der Linolensäure (18∶3ω3) resultieren. Ahnliche Unterschiede wurden bei den Fettsäuren der Lipide der Erythrozyten-Membranen gefunden und bei diesen insbesondere der Äthylaminphosphoglyceride isoliert aus den Membran-Lipiden, Die Erythrozyten-Lipide von Kindern streng vergetarisch lebender Mütter—die selbst aber nicht mehr streng vegetarisch leben, enthalten ebenfalls mehr ω6 als ω3 Fettsäuren. Die Befunde bei den Vegetariern liegen zwischen denen der strengen Vegetarier und der Gemischtköstler.

Der höhere Anteil an Linolsäure und an Fettsäuren im Plasma und in Erythrozyten dieser Gruppe von strengen Vegetariern spiegelt die höhere Aufnahme mit der Nahrung wieder, weil diese Fettsäuren de novo vom menschlichen Körper nicht synthetisiert werden.

Die mögliche Signifikanz der niedrigeren Fettsäurewerte, die von der Linolensäure bie den strengen Vegetariern stammen, wirdt diskutiert.

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Dickerson, J.W.T., Sanders, T.A.B. & Ellis, F.R. The effects of a vegetarian and vegan diet on plasma and erythrocyte lipids. Plant Food Hum Nutr 29, 85–94 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02590268

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