Skip to main content
Log in

On a relative measure of skill for games with chance elements

  • Published:
Top Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In various countries, including the Netherlands and Austria, legislation is such that the question whether a specific game should be considered as a game of chance or as a game of skill is predominant in the exploitation decision of private casinos. This paper aims for an objective and operational criterium to quantify the relative level of skill with respect to chance of games in order to provide a juridical tool for classification. The various concepts are illustrated by means of variations of Poker.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Brown G.W. (1949).Some Notes on Computation of Game Solutions. RAND Report P.78, The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vos J.C. (1997).Golden Ten and Related Trajectory Games, Thesis, Tilburg University.

  • Epstein R.A. (1977).The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic. Academic Press.

  • Grossmann W. (1997). Aspects of Chance in 7-Card Stud (In German). Report, Institut für Statistik, Operations Research und Computerverfahren, Universität Wien.

  • Karlin S. (1959a).Matrix Games, Programming and Mathematical Economics, vol. I, Pergamon Press.

  • Karlin S. (1959b).Mathematical Methods and Theory in Games, Programming and Economics, vol. II, chapter 9, Pergamon Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larkey P., Kadane J.B., Austin R. and Zamir S. (1997). Skill in games.Management Science 43, 596–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, J. von and Morgenstern O. (1944).Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton University Press.

  • Packel E. (1981).The Mathematics of Games and Gambling. The Mathematical Association of America.

  • Robinson J. (1950). An Iterative Method of Solving a Game.Annals of Mathematics 54, 296–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sakaguchi M. (1993). Information Structures and Perfect Information in Some Two-Person Poker.Math. Japonica 38, 743–755.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakaguchi M. and Mazalov V.V. (1996). Two-Person HI-LO Poker - Stud and Draw -, I.Math. Japonica 44, 39–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarne J. (1990).Guide to Modern Poker. Simon and Schuster.

  • Shapiro H.N. (1958). Note on a Computation Method in the Theory of Games.Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 11, 587–593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamburin H. (1993).References Guide to Casino Gambling. Research Service Ltd. Mobile.

  • Van der Genugten B.B. (1993).Blackjack in Holland Casino’s: Hoe de Dealer te verslaan!. Tilburg University Press, Tilburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Genugten B.B. (1997). Blackjack in Holland Casino’s: Basic, Optimal and Winning Strategies.Statistica Neerlandica (forthcoming).

  • Van der Genugten B.B. and Borm P. (1991). How to Distinguish between Games of Chance and Games of Skill: An Application to Golden Ten (In Dutch). Report, Department of Econometrics, Tilburg University.

  • Van der Genugten B.B. and Borm P. (1994). A Comparison Between Games with Chance Elements w.r.t. Skill (In Dutch). Report, Department of Econometrics, Tilburg University.

  • Van der Genugten B.B. and Borm P. (1996). On the Level of Skill and the Diagnostic Criteria (In Dutch). Report, Department of Econometrics, Tilburg University.

  • Van der Genugten B.B. (1997). A Method to Inspect Slotmachines (In Dutch). Report, EIT, Tilburg University.

  • Van der Genugten B.B., Borm P. and Grossmann M. (1997). Addendum to Two Reports on Games of Skill. Report, Department of Econometrics, Tilburg University.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

This research is sponsored by Novomatic Holland BV, Nieuwegein. We acknowledge comments and advise from Marcel Dreef, Stef Tijs and Hans Moors of Tilburg University, of Wilfried Grossmann of the University of Vienna and of Peter Zanoni of the Concord Card Casino in Vienna.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Borm, P., van der Genugten, B. On a relative measure of skill for games with chance elements. Top 9, 91–114 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02579073

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02579073

Key Words

AMS subject classification

Navigation