Abstract
Judging from the abundance of papers published in the medical journals there appears to be a global increase in the incidence of urolithiasis. Urinary excretion of various stone-forming salts in a 24-hour urine specimen is the mainstay of the metabolic workup done in stone-formers. According to the findings patients have been classified into neat categories depending on whether they were hypercalciuric, hyperuriocosuric, etc. As a group their excretion of calcium, oxalate, and urate was not different from the controls. However, they excreted significantly more phosphate and had lower 24-hour urine volumes than the controls.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andersen, D. A.: The incidence of urinary calculi.Hospital Medicine, 2, 1024 (1968).
Boyes, W. H., Garvey, F. K., Strawcutter, H. F.: Incidence of urinary calculi among patients in general hospitals, 1948–1952.JAMA, 161, 1437 (1956).
Hesse, A., Bach, D., Vahlensieck, W.: Epidemiological studies in urolithiasis in West Germany. In: Brokis, J. G., Finlayson, B. (eds): Urinary Calculus. Proceedings of the International Urinary Stone Conference. PSG Publishing Co. Inc., Littleton, Mass. 1981, p. 25.
Ljunghall, S., Bachman, U., Danielson, R.: Epidemiology of renal stones in Sweden. In: Brokis, J. G., Finlayson, B. (eds): Urinary Calculus. Proceedings of the International Urinary Stone Conference, PSG Publishing Co. Inc., Littleton, Mass. 1981, p. 3.
Williams, R. E.: Long term survey of 538 patients with upper urinary tract stones.Br. J. Urol., 35, 416 (1963).
Lemann, J. Jr.: Idiopathic hypercalciuria. In: Coe, F. L., Brenner, B. M., Stein, J. H. (eds): Contemporary Issues in Nephrology: Urolithiasis. Churchill Livingstone, New York 1980, p. 116.
Gregory, J. G.: Hyperoxaluria and stone disease in gastrointestinal by-pass patients.Urol. Clin. N. Am., 8, 331 (1981).
Androlakakis, P., Frangolis, E., Lefkidis, C.: Kidney damage in recurrent renal lithiasis: A survey of 175 cases with clinicopathological observations.Eur. Urol., 8, 261 (1982).
Coe, F. L.: Treated and untreated recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria or no metabolic disorder.Ann. Int. Med., 87, 404 (1977).
Coe, F. L.: Clinical stone disease In: Coe, F. L. (ed.): Nephrolithiasis. Churchill Livingstone, London 1980, p. 1.
Pak, C. Y. C.: Pathogenesis, consequences and treatment of the hypercalciuric states.Semin. Nephrol., 1, 356 (1981).
Robertson, G. W., Peacock, M., Ouimet, D., Hybern, P. J., Rutherford, A.: The main risk factors for calcium stone disease in man: Hypercalciuria or mild hyperoxaluria? In: Smith, L. H., Robertson, W. G., Finlayson, B. (eds): Urolithiasis: Clinical and Basic Research. Plenum, New York 1981, p. 3.
Pak, C. Y. C., Britton, F., Peterson, R., Ward, D., Northcutt, C., Breslau, N.: Ambulatory evaluation of nephrolithiasis: classification, clinical presentation and diagnostic criteria.Am. J. Med., 69, 19 (1980).
Finlayson, B.: The treatment of urinaty stone dissease.ANZJ Surg., 50, 13 (1980).
Robertson, W. G., Peacock, M., Marshall, D. H., Clark, P. B.: Risk factors in calcium stone disease of the urinary tract.Br. J. Urol., 50, 449 (1978).
Hodgkinson, A.: Relationships between oxalic acid and calcium, magnesium and creatinine excretion in normal men and women and patients with calcium oxalate kidney stones.Clin. Sci. Mol. Med., 46, 357 (1974).
Drach, G. W., Perin, R., Jacobs, S.: The outpatient evaluation of patients with calcium urolithiasis.J. Urol., 121, 564 (1974).
Khalifa, M. S., Abu Gabal, A., Shihab, M.: Urolithiasis in Kuwait.Int. Urol. Nephrol., 18, 147 (1986).
Kasidas, G. P., Rose, G. A.: Continuous-flow assay for urinary oxalate using immobilised oxalate oxidase.Ann. Clin. Biochem., 22, 412 (1985).
Rose, G. A.: Stone analysis by thermogravimetric technique. In: Rose, G. A. (ed.): Urinary Stones. Clinical and Laboratory Aspects. University Park Press, Baltimore 1982, p. 67.
Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Planning, Kuwait.
Ljunghall, S.: Incidence and natural history of renal stones and its relationship to calcium metabolism.Eur. Urol., 4, 424 (1978).
Robertson, W. G., Peacock, M., Hayburn, P. J., Rutherford, A., Sergeant, V. J., Bambach, C. P.: A risk factor model of stone formation: Application to the study of epidemiological factors in the genesis of calcium stones. In: Smith, L. H., Robertson, W. G., Finlayson, B. (eds): Urolithiasis: Clinical and Basic Research. Plenum, New York 1981, pp. 303–307.
Coe, F. L., Park, J. H., Strauss, A. L.: Accelerated calcium nephrolithiasis.JAMA, 244, 809 (1980).
Coe, F. L.: Hyperuricosuric calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis.Kidney Int., 13, 418 (1978).
Ryall, R. L., Marshal, V. R.: The value of the 24-hour urine analysis in the assessment of stone formers attending a general hospital out-patient clinic.Br. J. Urol., 55, 1 (1983).
Strauss, A. L., Coe, F. L., Deutsch, L., Parks, L.: Factors that predict relapse of calcium nephrolithiasis during treatment: A prospective study.Am. J. Med., 72, 17 (1982).
Sakhee, K., Zarwekh, J. E., Pak, C. Y. C.: Objective evidence for the beneficial effect of high fluid intake in the management of nephrolithiasis. In: Smith, L. H., Robertson, W. G., Finlayson, B. (eds): Urolithiasis: Clinical and Basic Research. Plenum, New York 1981, pp. 227–233.
Bordier, P., Ryckewart, A., Gueris, J.: On the pathogenesis of so-called idiopathic hypercalciuria.Am. J. Med., 63, 398 (1977).
Shen, F. H., Baylink, D. J., Nielsen, R. L.: Increased serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D in idiopathic hypercalciuria.J. Lab. Clin. Med., 90, 955 (1977).
Gray, R. W., Wilz, D. R., Caldas, A. E.: The importance of phosphate in regulating plasma 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D levels in humans: Studies in healthy subjects, in calcium stone formers and in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 24, 299 (1977).
Brown, J. M., Stratman, G., Cowley, D. M., Mottram, B. M., Chalmers, A. H.: The variability and dietary dependence of urinary oxalate excretion in recurrent calcium stone formers.Ann. Clin. Biochem., 24, 385 (1987).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khalifa, M.S., Al Shazly, A. & Reavey, P.C. Pattern of urolithiasis in a general hospital a prospective study. International Urology and Nephrology 21, 17–24 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02549897
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02549897