Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mud mounds: A polygenetic spectrum of fine-grained carbonate buildups

  • Published:
Facies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

This research report contains nine case studies (part II to X) dealing with Palaeozoic and Mesozoic mud mounds, microbial reefs, and modern zones of active micrite production, and two parts (I and XI) summarizing the major questions and results. The formation of different types ofin situ formed micrites (automicrites) in close association with siliceous sponges is documented in Devonian, Carboniferous, Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous mounds and suggests a common origin with a modern facies found within reef caves. Processes involved in the formation of autochthonous micrites comprise: (i) calcifying mucus enriched in Asp and Glu, this type presumably is linked to the formation of stromatolites, thrombolites and massive fabrics; (ii) protein-rich substances within confined spaces (e.g. microcavities) result in peloidal pockets, peloidal coatings and peloidal stromatolites, and (iii) decay of sponge soft tissues, presumably enriched with symbiotic bacteria, lead to the micropeloidal preservation of parts of former sponge bodies. As a consequence, there is strong evidence that the primary production of micrite in place represents the initial cause for buildup development. The mode of precipitation corresponds to biologically-induced, matrix-mediated mineralization which results in high-Mg-calcites, isotopically balanced with inorganic cements or equilibrium skeletal carbonates, respectively. If distinct automicritic fabrics are absent, the source or origin of micrite remains questionable. However, the co-occurring identifiable components are inadequate, by quantity and physiology, to explain the enhanced accumulation of fine-grained calcium carbonate. The stromatolite reefs from the Permian Zechstein Basin are regarded as reminiscent of ancestral (Precambrian) reef facies, considered the precursor of automicrite/sponge buildups. Automicrite/sponge buildups represent the basic Phanerozoic reef type. Analogous facies are still present within modern cryptic reef habitats, where the biocalcifying carbonate factory is restricted in space.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aitken, J.D. (1967): Classification and environmental significance of cryptalgal limestones and dolomites with illustrations from the Cambrian and Ordovician of Southwestern Alberta.—J. Sediment. Petrol.,37, 1163–1178, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Bathurst, R.G.C. (1982): Genesis of stromatactis cavities between submarine crusts in Palaeozoic carbonate mud buildups. —J. geol. Soc. London,139, 165–181, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Bathurst,R.G.C. (1991): Pressure-Dissolution and Limestone Bedding: the Influence of Stratified Cementation.—In:EinseleG.,Ricken,W. &Seilacher,A. (eds.): Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy. —Berlin (Springer).

  • Bausch, W.M. (1968): Clay content and calcite crystal size of limestones.—Sedimentology,10, 71–75, Amsterdam

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beauchamp, B. &Savard, M. (1992): Cretaceous Chemosynthetic Carbonate Mounds in the Canadian Arctic.—Palaios,7, 434–450, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Berner, R. A. (1968): Calcium carbonate concretions formed by the decomposition of organic matter.—Science,159, 195–197, Washington

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boreen, T.D. &James, N.P. (1993): Holocene sediment dynamics on a cool-water carbonate shelf: Otway, South-eastern Australia. —J. Sediment. Petrol.,63, 574–588, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosellini, A. (1984): Progradation geometries of carbonate platforms: examples from the Triassic of the Dolomites, northern Italy.—Sedimentology,31, 1–24, Oxford

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosence, D.W.J., Rowlands, R.J. &Quine, M.L. (1985): Sedimentology and budget of a Recent carbonate mound, Florida Keys.—Sedimentology,32, 317–343, Oxford

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourque, P.A. &Boulvain, F. (1993): A model for the origin and petrogenesis of the red stromatactis limestone of Paleozoic carbonate mounds.—J. Sediment. Petrol.,63, 607–619, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourque, P.A. &Gignac, H. (1983): Sponge constructed stromatactis mud mounds, Silurian of Gaspé, Quebec.—J. Sediment. Petrol.;53, 521–532, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, M.B.J. (1979): The depositional environments of a limestone unit from the San Emiliano Formation (Namurian/Westphalian), Cantabrian Mts., NW Spain.—Trab. Geol. Fac. Ci. Univ. Oviedo,12, 23–35, Oviedo

    Google Scholar 

  • Brachert, T.C. (1986): Kontinuierliche und diskontinuierliche Sedimentation im süddeutschen Oberjura (unteres Kimmeridge; Ludwag/Oberfranken, Nördliche Frankenalb).—Facies,15, 233–284, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1992): Sequence Stratigraphy and Paleo-Oceanography of an Open-marine Mixed Carbonate/Siliciclastic Succession (Late Jurassic, Southern Germany).—Facies,27, 191–216, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • Brachert, T.C., Buggisch, W., Flügel, E., Hüssner, H., Joachimski, M.M., Tourneur, F. &Walliser, O.H. (1992): Controls on mud mound formation: The early Devonian Kess Kess carbonates of the Hamar Laghdad, Antiatlas, Morocco.—Geol. Rdsch.,81, 15–44, Stuttgart

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brachert, T.C. &Dullo, W.-Ch. (1991): Laminar micrite crusts and associated foreslope processes, Red Sea.—J. Sediment. Petrol.,61, 354–363, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Brauch, W. (1923): Verbreitung und Bau der deutschen Zechstein-riffbildungen.—Geol. Arch.,2, 100–187, Königsberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, P.H. &Chapman, A.J. (1988): The anatomy of a deep water mud-mound complex to the south-west of the Dinantian Platform in Derbyshire, U.K..—Sedimentology,35, 139–162, Oxford

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buczynski, C. &Chafetz, H.S. (1991): Habit of bacterially induced precipitates of calcium carbonates and the influence of medium viscosity on mineralogy.—J. Sediment. Petrol.61, 226–233, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Camoin, G. &Maurin, A.-F. (1988): Rôles des micro-organismes (bactéries, cyanobactéries) dans la genèse des ‘Mud Mounds’. Exemples du Turonien des Jebels Biréno et Mrhila (Tunisie). —C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris,307, 401–407, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, S.J., Lohmann, K.C. (1989): d18O- and d13C-variations in late Devonian marine cements from the Golden Spike and Nevis reefs, Alberta, Canada.—J. Sediment. Petrol.,59, 792–814, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Cercone, K. &Pedone, V.A. (1987): Fluorescence (photoluminescence) of carbonate rocks: instrumental and analytical sources of observational error.—J. Sediment. Petrol.,57, 780–782, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Chafetz, H.S. (1986): Marine peloids: a product of bacterially induced precipitation of calcite.—J. Sediment. Petrol.,56, 812–817, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Choquette, P.W. &James, N.P. (1987): Diagenesis in limestones —3. The deep burial environment.—Geosci. Canada,14, 3–35, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotter, E. (1965): Waulsortian-type carbonate banks in the Mississippian Lodgepole Formation of central Montana.—J. Geol.,73, 881–888, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuif, J.P. (1974): Rôle de sclérosponges dans la faune récifale du Trias des Dolomites (Italie du Nord).—Geobios,7, 139–153, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuif, J.P., Gautret, P., Laghi, G. F., Mastandrea, A., Pradier, B. &Russo, F. (1990): Recherche sur la fluorescence UV du squelette aspiculaire chez les demosponges calcitiques triasiques.—Geobios,23, 21–31, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, G.R. & Nassichuk, W.W. (1990): Submarine cements and fabrics in Carboniferous to Lower Permian, reefal, shelf margin and slope carbonates, northwestern Ellesmere Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago.—Bull. Geol. Soc. Canada,399, 77 p., Ottawa

  • Dingle, P. S, Bader, B., Hensen C., Minten, B. &Schäfer, P. (1993): Sedimentology and Paleoecology of Upper Carboniferous Shallow-Water Carbonate Complex of the Cármenes Syncline (Cantabrian Mts., N-Spain).—Z. dt. geol. Ges.,144, 370–395, Hannover

    Google Scholar 

  • Dravies, J.J. &Yurewicz, D.A. (1985): Enhanced carbonate petrography using fluorescence microscopy.—J. Sed. Petrol.,55, 795–804, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Dresnay, R., Termier, G. &Termier, H. (1978): Les Hexactinellides Lyssakides et Dictyoninnes) du Lias marocain.—Geobios,11, 269–295, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  • Dronov, A.V. (1993): Middle Paleozoic Waulsortian-type mud mounds in southern Fergana (southern Tien-Shan, Common-wealth of Independent States): the shallow-water atoll model. —Facies,28, 169–180, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunham, R.J. (1970): Stratigraphic reefsversus ecologic reefs.—Amer. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull.,54, 1931–1950, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupont, E. (1881): Sur l'origine des calcaires dévoniens de la Belgique.—Bull. Acad. royal. Sci. Lett. Beaux Arts Belg.,3, 264–280, Bruxelles

    Google Scholar 

  • Evers, H.J. (1967): Geology of the Leonides between the Bernesga and Porma Rivers, Cantabrian Mountains, NW Spain.—Leidse Geol. Med.,41, 83–151, Leiden

    Google Scholar 

  • Flais, G. &Hüssner, H. (1993): A Microbial Model for the Lower Devonian Stromatactis Mud Mounds of the Montagne Noire (France).—Facies,29, 179–194, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • Flügel, E. (1982): Microfacies analysis of limestones.—633 p., Berlin (Springer)

    Google Scholar 

  • Flügel, E. &Flügel-Kahler, E. (1992): Phanerozoic reef evolution: Basic questions and data base.—Facies,26, 167–278, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, J.R., Carpenter, A.B. &Oglesby, T.W. (1982): Cathodoluminescense and composition of calcite cement in the Taum Sauk Limestone (Upper Cambrian), southeast Missouri. —J. Sed. Petrol.,52, 631–638, Lawrence

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, G.M. (1985): The term micrite or micritic cement is a contradiction (discussions).—J. Sediment. Petrol.,55, 777, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, G.K. (1958): Schwammstotzen, Tuberolithe und Schuttbreccien im Weißen Jura der Schwäbischen Alb.—Arb. Geol.-Paläont. Inst. TH Stuttgart, NF.,13, 118 pp., Stuttgart

  • Füchtbauer, H. (1980): Composition and diagenesis of a stromatolitic bryozoan bioherm in the Zechstein 1 (northwestern Germany).—Contr. Sedimentology,9, 233–251, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Fürsich, F.-T. &Schmidt-Kittler, N. (1980): Biofacies analysis of Upper Jurassic marginally marine environments of Portugal. I. The carbonate-dominated facies at Cabo Espichel. (With a contribution ofM. Ramalho).—Geol. Rdsch.,69, 943–981, Stuttgart

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fürsich, F.-T. & Wendt, J. (1976): Faziesanalyse und paläogeographische Rekonstruktion des Ablagerungsraumes der Cassianer Schichten (Mittel-Obertrias), Langobard-Cordevol, Jul?-Südalpen).—In:Seilacher, A. (ed.): Palökologie: Lagerstätten, Diagenese Konstruktionsmorphologie, Vergesellschaftungen. Bericht 1970–1975.—Zbl. Geol. Paläontol.,II, 233–238, Tübingen

  • — & — (1977): Biostratinomy and palaeoecology of the Cassian Formation (Triassic) of the Southern Alps.—Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol.,22, 257–323, Amsterdam

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaillard, C. (1972): Les éponges siliceuses des calcaires lités du Jura méridional (Oxfordien supérieur).—Docum. Lab. Géol. Lyon,50, 103–141, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaillard, C. (1983): Les biohermes à spongiaires et leur environement dans l'Oxfordien du Jura méridional.—Docum. Lab. Géol. Lyon,90, 515 p., Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Mondejar, J. (1990): The Aptian-Albian carbonate episode of the Basque-Cantabrian Basin (northern Spain): general characteristics, controls and evolution.—Spec. Publs int. Ass. Sediment.,9, 257–290, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Mondejar, J. &Fernandez-Mendiola, P.A. (1993): Sequence Stratigraphy and Systems Tracts of a Mixed Carbonate and Siliciclastic Platform-Basin Setting: The Albian of Lunada and Soba, Northern Spain.—Amer. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull.,77, 245–275, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • George, T.N., Johnson, G.A.L., Mitchell, M., Prentice, J.E., Ramsbottom, W.H.C., Sevastopulo, G.D. & Wilson, R.B. (1976): A correlation of Dinantian rocks in the British Isles.—Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Rep.,7, 87 p., London

  • Guzel, P. van (1979): Manual of the techniques and some geological applications of fluorescence microscopy.—Workshop Ann. Meeting Dallas, Am. Assoc. Strat. Palynologists, 55 p., Dallas

  • Ginsburg, R.N. &Lowenstam, H.A. (1958): The influence of marine bottom communities on the depositional environment of sediments.—J. Geology,66, 310–318, Chicago

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grover, G. jr. &Read, J.F. (1983): Paleoaquifer and deep burial related cements defined by regional cathodoluminescence patterns, Middle Ordovician carbonates, Virginia.—Amer. Ass. Petrol. Geol., Bulletin,67, 1275–1303, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Gwinner, M.P. (1976): Origin of the Upper Jurassic limestones of the Swabian Alb (Southwest Germany).—Contr. Sedimentol.,5, 75 pp., Stuttgart

  • Gygi, R.A. &Persoz, F. (1986): Mineralostratigraphy, litho- and biostratigraphy combined in correlation of the Oxfordian Late Jurassic) formations of the Swiss Jura range.—Eclogae geol. Helv.,79, 385–454, Basel

    Google Scholar 

  • Haq, B.U. &van Eysinga, F.W.B. (1987): Geological time table. —Amsterdam (Elsevier)

    Google Scholar 

  • Harland, W.B., Armstrong, R.L., Cox, A.V., Craig, L.E., Smith, A.G. &Smith, D.G. (1990): A geologic time scale 1989.—263 p., Cambridge (Cambridge University Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckel, P.A. (1974): Carbonate buildups in the geological record: areview. In:Laporte, L.F. (ed.), Reefs in time and space.—Soc. Econ. Paleont. Mineral., Spec. Publ.,18, 90–154, Tulsa

  • Henrich, R., Hartmann, M., Reitner, J., Schäfer, P., Freiwald, A., Steinmetz, S., Dietrich, P. &Thiede, J. (1992): Facies belts and communities of the Arctic Vesterisbanken Seamount (Central Greenland Sea).—Facies,27, 71–104, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • Hensen, C. (1992): Geologische Großkartierung im Paläozoikum des südlichen Kantabrischen Gebirges östlich von Cármenes (Bódon-Getino), NW Spanien.—unpublished Diploma thesis Univ. Kiel, 140 p., Kiel

  • Herrmann, A. (1957): Der Zechstein am südwestlichen Harzrand (seine Stratigraphie, Fazies, Paläogeographie und Tektonik).—Geol. Jb.,72, 1–72, Hannover

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollard, H. (1974): Recherches sur la stratigraphie des formations du Devonien moyen, de l'Emsien supérieur au Frasnien, dans le Sud de Tafilalt et dans le Ma'der (Anti-Atlas oriental).—Notes et Memoires du Service Geologique du Maroc,264, 7–68, Rabat

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurley, N.F., Lohmann, K.C. (1989): Diagenesis of Devonian reefal carbonates in the Oscar range, Canning basin, Western Australia.—J. sediment. Petrol.,59, 127–146, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • James, N.P. (1984): Reefs. In:Walker, R.G. (ed.), Facies Models (2nd ed.).—Geoscience Canada Reprint Series1, 229–244, Toronto

  • James, N.P. &Gravestock, D.I. (1990): Lower Cambrian shelf and shelf margin buildups, Flinders Ranges, South Australia.—Sedimentology,37, 455–480, Oxford

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J.G., Klapper, G. &Sandberg, C.A. (1985): Devonian eustatic fluctuations in Euramerica.—Geol. Soc. America Bull.,96, 567–487, Tulsa

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J.G. & Sandberg, C.A. (1988): Devonian eustatic events in the western United States and their biostratigraphic responses.—In:McMillan, N.J., Embry, A.F. & Flass, D.J. (eds.): Devonian of the World.—Canad. Soc. Petrol. Geol.,3, 171–178, Calgary

  • Kempe,S.,Kazmierczak,J. &Degens,E.T. (1989): The soda ocean concept and its bearing on evolution.—In:Crick,R.E. (ed.): Origin, evolution and modern aspects of biomineralization in plants and animals.—29-43, New York (Plenum Press)

  • Kennard, J.M. &James, N.P. (1986): Thrombolites and Stromatolites: Two distinct types of microbial structures.—Palaios,1, 492–503, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerkmann, K. (1969): Riffe und Algenbänke im Zechstein von Thüringen.—Freiberger Forschungsh.,C252, 85 p., Leipzig

  • Keupp, H., Koch, R. &Leinfelder, R.R. (1990): Steuerungsprozesse der Entwicklung von Oberjura-Spongiolithen Süddeutschlands: Kenntnisstand, Probleme und Perspektiven.—Facies,23, 141–174, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • Keupp, H., Jenisch, A., Herrmann, R., Neuweiler, F. &Reitner, J. (1993): Microbial carbonate crusts—a key to the environmental analysis of fossil spongiolites?—Facies,29, 41–54, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • Keupp, H., Reitner, J. &Salomon, D. (1989): Kieselschwämme (Hexactinellida und ‘Lithistida’) aus den Cipit-Kalken der Cassianer Schichten (Karn, Südtirol).—Berliner Geowiss. Abh. (A),106, 221–241, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidwell, S.M. &Baumiller, T. (1990): Experimental disintegration of regular echinoids: roles of temperature, oxygen and decay thresholds.—Paleobiology,16, 247–271, Lancaster

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, T. &Reitner, J. (1989): Aufbau und Genese eines Slope Mud Mound aus dem Mittelalb von La Gandara (Nordspanien). —Berliner geowiss. Abh. (A),106, 243–265, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Kott, R. (1989): Fazies und Geochemie des Treuchtlinger Marmors (Unter- und Mittel-Kimmeridge, Südliche Frankenalb).—Berliner geowiss. Abh. (A),111, 115 pp., Berlin

  • Kozur, H. (1990): The Age of the Central European Rotliegendes. —Z. geol. Wiss.,9, 907–915, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, W. (1971): Die devonischen Riffe in Mitteleuropa.—Mitt. TU Braunschweig,6, 1–12, Braunschweig

    Google Scholar 

  • Land, L.S. (1970): Carbonate mud: Production by epibiont growth onThalassia testudinum.—J. Sediment. Petrol.,40, 1361–1363, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Land,L.S. (1971): Submarine lithification of Jamaican Reefs.—In:Bricker,O.F. (ed.): Carbonate cements.—59-62, Baltimore (John Hopkins Univ. Press)

  • Land, L.S. (1976): Early dissolution of sponge spicules from reef sediments, North Jamaica.—J. Sediment. Petrol.,46, 967–969, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Land, L.S. &Goreau, T.F. (1970): Submarine lithification of Jamaican Reefs.—J. Sediment. Petrol.,40, 457–462, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Lecompte, M. (1937): Contribution à la connaissance des récifs de l'Ardennes: sur la présence de structures conservées dans des efflorescences cristallines du type ‘Stromatactis’.—Bull. Mus. r. Hist. Nat. Belg.,13/15, 1–14, Bruxelles

    Google Scholar 

  • Lees, A. (1961): The Waulsortian ‘reefs’ of Eire: a carbonate mudbank complex of Lower Carboniferous age.—J. Geol.,69, 101–109, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Lees, A. (1964): The structure and origin of the Waulsortian (lower Carboniferous) ‘reefs’ of west central Eire.—Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London, (B),247, 483–531, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Lees, A., Hallet, V. &Hibo, D. (1985): Facies variation in Waulsortian buildups, Part 1: A model from Belgium.—Geol. J.,20, 135–158, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Lees, A. &Miller, J. (1985): Facies variation in Waulsortian buildups, Part 2: Mid-Dinantian buildups from Europe and North America.—Geol. J.,20, 159–180, Chicago

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lees, A. & Miller, J. (1994): Waulsortian Banks. In:Monty, C., Bosence, D., Bridges, P. & Pratt, B. (eds.): Mud Mounds.—Spec. Publ. Int. Ass. Sedimentologists (in press)

  • Leinfelder, R.R. (1993a): Upper Jurassic reef types and controlling factors. A preliminary report.—Profil,5, 1–45, Stuttgart (Inst. Geol. Paläont. Univ.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Leinfelder, R.R. (1993b): A sequence stratigraphic approach to the Upper Jurassic mixed carbonate-siliciclastic succession of the central Lusitanian Basin, Portugal.—Profil,5, 119–140, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Leinfelder, R.R. (1994): Karbonatplattformen und Korallenriffe innerhalb siliziklastischer Sedimentationsbereiche (Oberjura, Lusitanisches Becken, Portugal).—Profil,6, 1–207, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Leinfelder, R.R., Krautter, M., Nose, M., Ramalho, M.M. &Werner, W. (1993a): Siliceous sponge facies from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal.—Gedenkband Prof. Gwinner, N. Jahrb. Geol. Paläont., Abh.,189, 199–254, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Leinfelder, R.R., Nose, M., Schmid, D.U. &Werner, W. (1993b): Microbial crusts of the Late Jurassic: composition, palaeoecological significance and importance in reef construction.—Facies,29, 195–230, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • Leinfelder, R.R., Krautter, M., Laternser, R., Nose, M., Schmid, D.U., Schweigert, G., Werner, W., Keupp, H., Brugger, H., Herrmann, R., Rehfeld-Kiefer, U., Schroeder, J.H., Reinhold, C., Koch, R., Zeiss, A., Schweitzer, V., Christmann, H., Menges, G. & Luterbacher, H.-P. (1994): The origin of Jurassic reefs. Current research developments and results (ed. & coord., Leinfelder, R.R.).—Facies,31, 1–56, Erlangen

  • Machel, H.G., Mason, R.A., Mariano, A.N. & Mucci, A. (1991): Causes and emission of luminescence in calcite and dolomite. —In:Barker, C.E. & Kopp, O.C. (eds.): Luminescence microscopy and spectroscopy: qualitative and quantitative applications.—Soc. Econ. Paleont. Miner. Short Course,25, 9–25, Dallas

  • Mägdefrau, K. (1937): Der Aufbau der thüringischen Zechsteinriffe.—Natur u. Volk,67, 48–58, Frankfurt

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshak, S. &Engelder, T. (1985): Development of cleavage in limestones of a fold thrust belt in eastern New York.—J. Struct. Geol.,7, 345–35, Oxford

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matyskiewicz, J. (1993): Genesis of stromatactis in an Upper Jurassic carbonate buildup (Mlynka, Cracow Region, Southern Poland): Internal reworking and erosion of organic growth cavities.—Facies,28, 87–96, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • McKerrow, W.S. & Scotese, C.R. (1990): Paleozoic Paleogeography and Biogeography.—Mem. Geol. Soc. London,12, London

  • Menning, M. (1992): A Permo-Triassic time scale.—Min. Conv. Canad. Soc. Petrol. Geol. Abstr.,206, Calgary

  • Meyer, R.K.F. (1977): Mikrofazies im Übergangsbereich von der Schwamm- zur Korallen-Spongiomorphiden-Fazies im Malm von Regensburg bis Kelheim.—Geol. Jb.,A37, 33–69, Hannover

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, W.J. (1974): Carbonate cement stratigraphy of the Lake Valley Formation (Mississippian), Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico.—J. Sediment. Petrol.,44, 837–861, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, W.J. (1991): Calcite cement stratigraphy: an overview.—In:Barker, C.E. & Kopp, O.C. (eds.): Luminescence microscopy and spectroscopy: Qualitative and quantitative applications.—Soc. Econ. Paleont. Miner., Short Course,25, 133–148, Dallas

  • Miller,J. (1986): Facies relationship and diagenesis in Waulsortian mudmounds from the Lower Carboniferous of Ireland and N. England.—In:Schroeder,J.H. &Purser,B.H. (eds.): Reef diagenesis.—311-335, Berlin (Springer)

  • Milliman, J.D., Hook, J.A. &Golubic, S. (1985): Meaning and usage of micrite cement and matrix (reply).—J. Sediment. Petrol.,55, 777–778, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Monty,C. (1976): The origin and development of cryptalgal fabrics. In:Walter,M.R. (ed.): Stromatolites, Dev. Sedimentol.,20, 193-249, Amsterdam-Oxford-New York (Elsevier)

  • Monty, C. (1982a): Microbial spars.—11th. Intern. Congress Sedimentology, Hamilton, Canada.—IAS abstract of papers, p. 26.

  • Monty, C. (1982b): Cavity or fissure dwelling stromatolites (endostromatolites) from Belgian Devonian mud mounds (Ext. abstr.).—Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg.,105, 343–344, Bruxelles

    Google Scholar 

  • Monty, C. (1984): Mud Mounds: Geology and Palaeoecology. In:Geister, J. & Herb, R. (eds.): Géologie et Paleoécologie des récifs.—3ème Cycle Roman en Science de la terre, 23.1–23.8, Bern

  • Monty, C.;Bernet-Rollande, M.C. &Maurin, A.F. (1982): Reinterpretation of Frasnian classical reefs of the southern Ardennes, Belgium. (Extended abstract).—Ann. Soc. Geol. Belgique,105, 339–341, Bruxelles

    Google Scholar 

  • Monty, C., Bosence, D., Bridges, P. & Pratt, B. (1995) (eds.): Mud Mounds.—Spec. Publ. Int. Ass. Sedimentologists (in press 1995)

  • Müller,W. (1991): Observations on the Jurassic hexactinellid spongeTremaictyon radicatum (Quenstedt).—In:Reitner,J. &Keupp,H. (eds.): Fossil and Recent Sponges.—36-42, Berlin (Springer)

  • Müller-Wille, S. &Reitner, J. (1993): Palaeobiological reconstructions of selected sphinctozoan sponges from the Cassian Beds (Lower Carnian) of the Dolomites (Northern Italy).—Berliner geowiss. Abh., (E),9, 253–281, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuweiler, F. (1993): Development of Albian microbialites and microbialite reefs at marginal platform areas of the Vasco-Cantabrian Basin (Soba Reef Area, Cantabria, N. Spain).—Facies,29, 231–250, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuweiler, F. & Rettner, J. (1993a): Lower Cretaceous ‘Mud Mounds’ and Microbialites.—In:Flügel, E. (ed.): ‘Evolution of Reefs’: A German Priority Research Program-Topics and Results.—Soc. Econ. Paleont. Miner., Meeting, Penn. State, USA, 65–57, Erlangen

  • Neuweiler, F. & Rettner, J. (1993b): Initially indurated structures of fine-grained calcium carbonate formed in place (automicrite).—7th Internat. Symposium on Biomineralization, Abstracts with program, p. 104, Monaco

  • Nose, M. (in press): Vergleichende Faziesanalyse und Palökologie korallenreicher ‘shallowing-upward’-Abfolgen des Iberischen Oberjura.—Profil, Stuttgart

  • Palme, H. (1977): Beiträge zur paläogeographischen Entwicklung der Riffkalke des Elbingeröder Komplexes im Harz (Mittel-und Oberdevon).—Hall. Jb. Geowiss.,2, 27–40, Gotha, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascal, A. (1985): Les systèmes biosédimentaires urgoniens (Aptien-Albien) sur la marge Nord Ibérique.—Mèm. géol. Univ. Dijon,10, 569 p., Dijon

  • Pascal, A. &Przybyla, A. (1989): Processus biosédimentaires et diagénétiques précoces dans les mud-mounds (Thrombolite-mounds) urgoniens d'Espagne du Nord (Aptien-Albien) et leur signification.—Géol. Méditerran.,XVI, 171–183, Marseille

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul, J. (1980): Upper Permian algal stromatolitic reefs.—Contr. Sedimentology,9, 253–268, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1987): Der Zechstein am Harzrand: Querprofil über eine permische Schwelle.—Int. Symp. Zechstein 87. ExkfII, 193–276, Wiesbaden

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1992): Sea-level changes and Zechstein sediments.—Profil,1, 35, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Paull, C.K., Chanton, J.P., Neumann, A.C., Coston, J.A., Martens, C.S., &Showers, W. (1992): Indicators of Methane-Derived Carbonates and Chemosynthetic Organic Carbon Deposits: Examples from the Florida Escarpment.—Palaios,7, 361–375, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Pray, L.C. (1958): Fenestrate bryozoan core facies, Mississippian bioherms, southwestern United States.—J. Sediment. Petrol.,28, 261–273, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Pretzer, C. & Stadler, D. (1994): Die Zechsteinriffe von Bad Liebenstein am Südwestrand des Thüringer Waldes.—Unpubl. Diploma-Thesis, Göttingen

  • Price, C. &Max, M.D. (1988): Surface and deep structural control of the NW Carboniferous Basin of Ireland: Seismic perspectives of aeromagnetic and surface geological interpretation.—J. Petrol. Geol.,11, 365–388, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichstein, M. (1959): Die fazielle Sonderentwicklung im Elbingeröder Raum des Harzes.—Geologie,8, 13–46, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitner,J. (1986): A comparative study of the diagnesis in diapirinfluenced reef atolls and a fault block reef platform in the Late Albian of the Vasco-Cantabrian Basin (Northern Spain). In:Schroeder,J.H. &Purser,E.H. (eds.): Reef Diagenesis, 186-209, Berlin (Springer)

  • Reitner, J. (1992): Coralline Spongien-Der Versuch einer phylogenetisch-taxonomischen Analyse.—Berliner geowiss. Abh.(E)1, 352 p., Berlin

  • — (1993): Modern Cryptic Microbialite/Metazoan Facies from Lizard Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia)-Formation and Concepts.—Facies,29, 3–40, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1994): Mikrobialith-Porifera Fazies eines Exogyren/Korallen Patchreefs des Oberen Korallenooliths im Steinbruch Langenberg bei Oker (Niedersachsen).—Berliner geowiss. Abh., (E),13, 397–417, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitner, J., Gautret, P., Marin, F. & Neuweiler, F. (1995): Automicrites in a modern microbialite-Formation model via organic matrices (Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia). —Bull. Inst. oceanogr. Monaco, num. spec.13 (in press), Monaco

  • Reitner,J. &Keupp,H. (1991): The fossil record of the haplosclerid excavating spongeAka de Laubenfelds In:Reitner,J. &Keupp,H. (eds.): Fossil and Recent Sponges, 102-120, Berlin (Springer)

  • Richthofen, J.v. (1860): Geognostische Beschreibung der Umgegend von Predazzo, St. Cassian und der Seiser Alpe in Süd-Tyrol.—327 p., Gotha

  • Ricken, W. (1986): Diagenetic bedding.-Lect. Notes Earth Sci. 210 p., Berlin (Springer)

    Google Scholar 

  • Riding, R. (1979):Donezella bioherms in the Carboniferous of the southern Cantabrian Mountains, Spain.—Bull. Cent. Rech. Explor-Prod. Elf-Aquitaine,3, p. 787–794, Pau

    Google Scholar 

  • Riding, R. (1982): Cyanophyte calcification and changes in ocean chemistry, —Nature, 299, 814–815 London

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — (ed., 1991a): Calcareous algae and stromatolites.—571 p., Berlin (Springer)

    Google Scholar 

  • Riding,R. (1991b): Classification of microbial carbonates.—In:Riding,R. (ed.): Calcareous algae and stromatolites.—21-51, Berlin (Springer)

  • — (1992a): Cyanophyte calcification and changes in ocean chemistry.—Nature299, 814–815, London

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riding, R. (1992b): Temporal variation in calcification in marine cyanobacteria.—J. geol. Soc. London,149, 979–989, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Roemer, F.A. (1850–1866): Beiträge zur Kenntnis des nordwestlichen Harzgebirges.—Palaeontographica,3, 5, 9, 13, Kassel

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, R.J., Jaanusson, V. & Friedmann, I. (1975): Lithology and origin of Middle Ordovician calcareous mud mound at Meiklejohn Peak, southern Nevada.—U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper,871, 48 p., Washington

  • Rougiere, F., Fagerstrom, J.A. &Andrie, C. (1992): Geothermal endo-upwelling: a solution to the reef nutirent paradox.—Continental Shelf Res.,12, 785–798

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland, S.M. &Gangloff, R.A. (1988): Structure and Paleoecology of Lower Cambrian Reefs.—Palaios,3, 111–135, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruchholz, K. (1989): Begründung und Bedeutung des Bode-Lineaments.—Wiss. Z. Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Univ., Math.-nat. wiss. Reihe,38, 63–69, Greifswald

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruchholz, K. &Weller, H. (1991): Der Elbingeröder Komplex: Räumliche Gliederung und stoffliche Entwicklung.—Z. geol. Wiss.,19, 655–661, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Russo, F., Neri, C., Mastandrea, A. &Laghi, G. (1991): Depositional and diagenetic history of the Alpe di Specie (Seelandalpe) Fauna (Carnian, Northestaern Dolomites).—Facies,25, 187–210, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg, Ch.A., Ziegler, W., Dreesen, R. &Butler, J. (1988): Late Frasnian mass extinction: Conodont event stratigraphy, global changes and possible causes.—Courier Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg,102, 263–307, Frankfurt/Main

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, M. (1977): Preservation, alteration and multiple cementation of aragonitic skeletons from the Cassian Beds (U. Triassic, Southern Alps): Petrographic and geochemical evidence.—N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh.,154/2, 213–262, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Schorr, M. &Koch, R. (1985): Fazieszonierung eines oberjurassischen Algen-Schwamm Bioherms (Herrlingen, Schwäbische Alb).—Facies13, 227–270, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzacher, W. (1961): Petrology and structure of some Lower Carboniferous reefs in northwestern Ireland.—Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol.,45, 1481–1503, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Scotese, C.R. & McKerrow, W.S. (1990): Revised World maps and introduction.—In:McKerrow, W.S. & Scotese, C.R. (eds): Palaeozoic Palaeography and Biogeography.—Geol. Soc. Mem.,12, 1–21, New York

  • Sliwinski, W. (1988): Brzezne facje cechsztynu w niecce polnocnosudeckiej.—In:Gunia, T. (ed.): Selected Problems of Mineral Deposits. Geology of Western Poland-Proc. Sci. Conf. Univ. Wroclaw, 143–166, Wroclaw

  • Smith, D.B. (1981): The Magnesium Limestone (Upper Permian) Reef Complex of Northeastern England.—Soc. Econ. Paleont. Miner. Spec. Publ.,30, 187–202, Menasha

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommerville, I.D., Strogen, P. &Jones, G.Ll. (1992): Mid-Dinantian Waulsortian buildups in the Dublin Basin, Ireland.—Sedimentary Geol.,79, 91–116, Amsterdam

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, M., Mehl, D., Reitner, J. &Erdtmann, B.-D. (1993): Oldest entirely preserved sponges and oher fossils from the Lowermost Cambrian and new facies reconstruction of the Yangtze platform (China).—Berliner geowiss. Abh. (E),9, 293–329, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Stemmerik, L. &Frykman, P. (1989): Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Zechstein carbonates of southern Jylland, Denmark.—Danm. Geol. Unders.,A 26, 1–32, Kopenhavn

    Google Scholar 

  • Stockman, K.W., Ginsburg, R.N. &Shinn, E.A. (1967): The production of lime mud by algae in South Florida.—J. Sediment. Petrol.,37, 633–648, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Talent, J.A. &Yolkin, E.A. (1987): Transgression-regression patterns for the Devonian of Australia and southern West Siberia.—Courier Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg,92, 235–249, Frankfurt

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsien,H.H. (1985): Algal-Bacterial Origin of Micrites in Mud Mounds.—In:Toomey,D.F. &Nitecki,M.H. (eds.): Palaeoalgology, 290-296, Berlin (Springer)

  • Tucker,M.E. &Hollingworth,N.T.J. (1986): The Upper Permian Reef Complex (E21) of North East England: Diagenesis in a Marine to Evaporitic Setting.—In:Schroeder,J.H. &Purser,B.H. (eds): Reef Diagenesis.—270-290, Berlin (Springer)

  • von Bitter, P.H., Scott, S.D. &Schenk, P.E. (1992): Chemosynthesis: An Alternate Hypothesis for Carboniferous Biotas in Bryozoan/Microbial Mounds, Newfoundland, Canada.—Palaios,7, 466–484, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallacer, M.W. (1987): The role of internal erosion and sedimentation in the formation of stromatactis mudstones and associated lithologies.—J. Sediment. Petrol.,57, 695–700, Tulsa

    Google Scholar 

  • Weller, H. (1987): Zum stofflichen Aufbau devonischer Geosynklinalriffe am Beispiel des östlichen Rhenoherzynikums. —Mitt. GGW DDR,15, 37, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Weller, H. (1989a): Der Rübeländer Mud Mound im Riffkomplex von Elbingerode (Harz) und seine sedimentologischen Eigenschaften.—Hercynia, N.F.,26, 321–337, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1989b): Sedimentologie von Mud Mounds und ihr Nachweis im Harz.—Wiss. Z. Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Univ., Math.-naturwiss. Reihe,38/1–2, 70–78, Greifswald

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1991a): Facies and development of the Devonian (Givetian/Frasnian) Elbingerode reef complex in the Harz area (Germany).—Facies,25, 1–50, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1991b): Faziesentwicklung und Bioevents in den Kalken des Elbingeröder Komplexes im Harz.—Zentralblatt Geol. Paläont.,5/1, 1385–1389, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Wendt, J. (1982): The Cassian patch reefs (Lower Carnian), Southern Alps.—Facies,6, 185–202, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1985): Disintegration of the continental margin of northwestern Gondwana: Late Devonian of the eastern Anti-Atlas (Morocco).—Geology,13, 815–818 Boulder

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wendt, J. (1988): Facies pattern and paleogeography of the Middle and Late Devonian in the eastern Anti-Atlas (Morocco).—In:McMillan, N.J., Embry, A.F. & Glass, D.J. (eds.): Devonian of the World.—Canad. Soc. Petrol. Geol. Memoir,14, 467–480, Calgary

  • — (1993): Steep-sided carbonate mud mounds in the Middle Devonian of the eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco.—Geol. Mag.,130, 69–83, Cambridge

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wendt, J. &Fürsich, F.T. (1980): Facies analysis and palaeogeography of the Cassian Formation, Triassic, Southern Alps. —Riv. Ital. Palaeont.,85, 1003–1028, Milano

    Google Scholar 

  • Wendt, J., Wu, X. &Reinhardt, J.W. (1989): Deep-water hexactinellid sponge mounds from the Upper Triassic of northern Sichuan (China).—Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol.,76, 17–29, Amsterdam

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werner, W., Leinfelder, R.R., Fürsich, F.T. &Krautter, M. (1994): Comparative palaeoecology of marly coralline spongebearing reefal associations from the Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic) of Portugal and Southwestern Germany.—Proc., part 2, VI Intern. Fossil Cnidaria Congress, Münster 1991.—Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg,172, 381–397, Frankfurt a.M.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J.L. (1975): Carbonate facies in geologic history.—471 p., Berlin (Springer).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wirsing, G. (1988): Mikrofazielle und diagenetische Entwicklung einer oberjurassischen Karbonatabfolge (Weißjura beta bis delta 4, mittlere Schwäbische Alb) mit Berücksichtigung der chemischen Diagenese ausgewählter karbonatischer Bestandteile.—Heidelberger geowiss. Abh.,15, 337 + 52 pp., Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, K.H. (1965): Gradational sedimentary products of calcareous algae.—Sedimentology,5, 1–37, Amsterdam

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, X. (1989): Carnian (Upper Triassic) Sponge Mounds of the Northwestern Sichuan Basin, China: Stratigraphy, Facies and Palecology.—Facies,21, 171–188, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler, W. &Sandberg, Ch.A. (1990): The late Devonian standard conodont zonation.—Courier Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg,121, 1–115, Frankfurt/Main

    Google Scholar 

  • Zöllich, M.S. (1939): Zur Deckenfrage im Mittelharz. Die tektonische Stellung der Schalsteinsättel bei Elbingerode.—Abh. preuß. geol. Landesanst., N.F.,191, 1–146, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lehr- und Forschungsgebiet für Geologie und Paläontologie, RWTH Aachen, Lochnerstr. 4-20, D-52064, Aachen

    Gerd Flajs &  Manfred Vigener

  2. Institut für Paläontologie FU Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, D-12249, Berlin

    Helmut Keupp

  3. Institut und Museum für Geologie und Paläontologie, Goldschmidtstr. 3, D-37077, Göttingen

    Dieter Meischner,  Fritz Neuweiler,  Josef Paul,  Joachim Reitner &  Klaus Warnke

  4. Fachrichtung Geologie, Univ. Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17a, D-17489, Greifswald

    Helmut Weller

  5. Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut, Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, D-24098, Kiel

    Patrick Dingle,  Christian Hensen &  Priska Schäfer

  6. Fac. Sciences d'Orsay, Inst. Paléontologie Univ. Paris-XI, Bat. 504, F-91405, Paris, France

    Pascale Gautret

  7. Institut für Geologie und Paläontologie der Universität, Herdweg 51, D-70174, Stuttgart

    Reinhold R. Leinfelder

  8. Institut und Museum für Geologie und Paläontologie der Universität, Sigwartstr. 10, D-72076, Tübingen

    Hansmartin Hüssner &  Bernd Kaufmann

Authors
  1. Gerd Flajs
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Manfred Vigener
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Helmut Keupp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Dieter Meischner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Fritz Neuweiler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Josef Paul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Joachim Reitner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Klaus Warnke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Helmut Weller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Patrick Dingle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Christian Hensen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Priska Schäfer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Pascale Gautret
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Reinhold R. Leinfelder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Hansmartin Hüssner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Bernd Kaufmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Flajs, G., Vigener, M., Keupp, H. et al. Mud mounds: A polygenetic spectrum of fine-grained carbonate buildups. Facies 32, 1–69 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02536864

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02536864

Keywords

Search

Navigation