Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Time-frequency analysis of the first heart sound. Part 1: Simulation and analysis

  • Published:
Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The authors propose a simulated first heart sound (S1) signal that can be used as a reference signal to evaluate the accuracy of time-frequency representation techniques for studying multicomponent signals. The composition of this simulated S1 is based on the hypothesis that an S1 recorded on the thorax over the apical area of the heart is composed of constant frequency vibrations from the mitral valve and a frequency modulated vibration from the myocardium. Essentially, the simulated S1 consists of a valvular component and a myocardial component. The valvular component is modelled as two exponentially decaying sinusoids of 50 Hz and 150 Hz and the myocardial component is modelled by a frequency modulated wave between 20 Hz and 100 Hz. The study shows that the simulated S1 has temporal and spectral characteristics similar to S1 recorded in humans and dogs. It also shows that the spectrogram cannot resolve the three components of the simulated S1. It is concluded that it is necessary to search for a better time-frequency representation technique for studying the time-frequency distribution of multicomponent signals such as the simulated S1.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Barry D. T. (1990): ‘Acoustic signals from skeletal muscle,’Am. Physiol. Soc.,5, pp. 17–21

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Barry, D. T. (1991): ‘Muscle sounds from evoked twitches in the hand,’Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab.,72, pp. 573–575

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry D. T. andCole N. M. (1990): ‘Muscle sounds are emitted at the resonant frequencies of skeletal muscle,’IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.,37, pp. 525–531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bedi R., McDonnell J. T. E. andFox K. A. A. (1994): ‘Acoustic analysis of Carpentier-Edwards bioprosthetic heart valves,’Proc. 16th Annual International Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., Vol.2, pp. 1284–1285

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, D., Durand, L.-G., Guo, Z., andLee, H. C. (1997a): ‘Time-frequency analysis of the first heart sound. Part 2: An appropriate time-frequency representation technique,’Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.,35, pp. 00–00

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, D., Durand, L.-G., Guo, Z. andLee, H. C. (1997b): ‘Time-frequency analysis of the first heart sound. Part 3: Application,’Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.,35, pp. 00–00

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloutier G., Grenier M. C., Guardo R. andDurand L. G. (1987): ‘Spectral analysis of closing sounds produced by Ionescu-Shiley bioprosthetic aortic heart valves. Part 2: Computer simulation of aortic closing sounds and estimation of their truncation level and signal-to-noise ratio,’Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.,25, pp. 492–496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L. (1989): ‘Time-frequency distributions—a review,’Proc. IEEE,77, pp. 941–981

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durand, L. G. andGuardo R. (1982): ‘A model of the heart-thorax acoustic system’in Schwartz M.D. (Ed.): ‘Applications of computers in medicine’ (IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc.), pp 29–41

  • Durand, L. G., Genest J. Jr. andGuardo R. (1985): ‘Modeling of the transfer function of the heart-thorax acoustic system in dogs,’IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.,32, pp. 592–601

    Google Scholar 

  • Durand L. G. andPibarot P. (1995): ‘Digital signal processing of the phonocardiogram: review of the most recent advancements,’CRC Critical Reviews Biomed Eng.,23, pp. 163–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Hlawatsch F. andBoudreaux-Bartels G. F. (1992): ‘Linear and quadratic time-frequency signal representation,’IEEE Signal Process. Mag., pp. 21–67

  • Köymen H., Altay B. K. andIder Y. Z. (1987): ‘A study of prosthetic heart valve sounds,’IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.,34, pp. 853–863

    Google Scholar 

  • Leatham A. (1975): ‘Auscultation of the heart and phonocardiography,’ (Churchill Livingstone), pp. 1–178

  • Luisada A. A., MacCanon D. M., Coleman B. andFeigen L. P. (1971): ‘New studies on the first heart sound,’Am. J. Cardiol.,28, pp. 140–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luisada A. A. (1972): ‘The sounds of the normal heart’ (Warren H. Green, Inc.), pp. 1–247

  • Rangayyan R. M. andLeihner, R. J. (1988): ‘Phonocardiogram signal analysis: A review,’CRC Critical Reviews Biomed. Eng.,15, pp. 211–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Rushmer R. F. (1952): ‘Cardiovascular dynamics’ (W.B. Saunders Company), pp. 1–567

  • Sava H. P. andMcDonnell J. T. E. (1994): ‘New analysis-synthesis of first heart sounds using forward-backward overdetermined Prony's method,’ Proc. 16th Annual International Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc.,2, pp. 1274–1275

    Google Scholar 

  • Sava H. P., McDonnell J. T. E. andFox K. A. A. (1994): ‘Spectral analysis of first and second heart sounds before and after mechanical heart valve implantation,’ Proc. 16th Annual International Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc.,2, pp. 1280–1281

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang, Y., Danmin C. andDurand L. G. (1992): ‘The synthesis of the aortic valve closure sound of the dog by the mean filter of forward and backward predictor,’IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.,39, pp. 1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tilkian A. G. andBoudreau Conover M. (1984): ‘Understanding heart sounds and murmurs with an introduction to lung sounds’ (W.B. Saunders Company), pp. 1–265

  • Wood J. C., Buda A. J., Lim M. J. andBarry D. T. (1991): ‘Spatial variation of first heart sound frequency dynamics across the canine left ventricle: a comparison of intracardiac and epicardial recordings. Proc 13th Annual International Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc.,13, pp. 2099–2100

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood J. C., Buda A. J. andBarry D. T. (1992): ‘Time-frequency transforms: A new approach to first heart sound frequency dynamics,’IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.,39, pp. 730–740

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood J. C. andBarry D. T. (1994): ‘Quantification of first heart sound frequency dynamics across the human chest wall,’Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.,32, pp. S71-S78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood J. C., Festen M. P., Lim M. J., Buda A. J. andBarry D. T. (1994): ‘Regional effects of myocardial ischemia on epicardially recorded canine first heart sounds,’J. Appl. Physiol.,76, pp. 291–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoganathan A. P., Gupta R., Udwadia F. E., Miller J. W., Ccorcoran W. H., Sarma R., Johnson J. L. andBing R. J. (1976): ‘Use of the fast Fourier transform for frequency analysis of the first heart sound in normal man,’Med. Biol. Eng.,14, pp. 69–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire de génie biomédical, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montreal, 110 Avenue des Pins ouest, H2W 1R7, Montréal, Québec, Canada

    D. Chen &  L. -G. Durand

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, H3A 2A7, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    D. Chen,  L. -G. Durand & H. C. Lee

Authors
  1. D. Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. L. -G. Durand
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. H. C. Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chen, D., Durand, L.G. & Lee, H.C. Time-frequency analysis of the first heart sound. Part 1: Simulation and analysis. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 35, 306–310 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02534081

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02534081

Keywords

Search

Navigation