Abstract
The widespread use of anovulatory compounds and the well-known effects of sex hormones on various aspects of metabolism prompted this review of our work and the work of others on observed changes in lipid metabolism resulting from the administration of oral contraceptives and their components. In the rat, female sex hormone administration results in a decreased plasma cholesterol level, an accumulation of cholesterol in liver and a decreased hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. On the other hand, cholesterol biosynthesis is enhanced in ovaries and adrenals. There is also a diminished alpha lipoprotein content and a corresponding decrease in the alpha/beta lipoprotein ratio. In some cases these changes are comparable to those observed during pregnancy. The results of sex hormone administration to women are more variable. In this case the most often observed effect is hypertriglyceridemia. Changes in lipoprotein content and distribution are also evident and may be the result of changes in metabolism in the liver, e.g., lipid synthesis or lipid transport from liver to plasma and tissues, or both. Many of these changes may be mediated indirectly through the action of estrogenprogestin on other hormones. In both species the effects of oral contraceptives are attributable principally to the estrogen component. The combination of estrogen with progestin compounds, which constitutes the oral contraceptive, modifies the effects of estrogen administered alone.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sturgis, S.H., and F. Albright, Endocrinology 26:68 (1940).
Makepeace, A.W., G.L. Weinstein, and F.H. Friedman, Amer. J. Physiol. 119:512 (1937).
Pincus, G., and M.C. Chang, Acta Physiol. Latinoamer. 3:177 (1953).
Djerassi, C., L. Miramontes, and G. Rosenkranz, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 76:4092 (1954).
Pincus, G., Proceedings of the Symposium on 19-nor-Progestational Steroids, Searle Research Laboratory, Chicago, 1957, p. 105.
Rice-Wray, E., Proceedings of the Symposium on 19-nor-Progestational Steroids, Searle Research Laboratory, Chicago, 1957, p. 78.
Mears, E., Brit. Med. J. 1:1318 (1963).
Martin, A.P., D.R. Halterman, M.L. Vorbeck, M.C. Kuo, and F.V. Lucas, Steroids 16:487 (1970).
Saunders, F.J., Federation Proc. 29:1211 (1970).
Starup, J., and P.E. Lebech, Acta Endocrinol. 56:188 (1967).
Diczfalusy, E., Brit. Med. J. 2:1394 (1965).
Aydar, C.K., and R.B. Greenblatt, J. Med. Assoc. State Ala. 31:53 (1961).
Salhanick, H.A., D.M. Kipnis, and R.L. Vande Wiele, in “Metabolic Effects of Gonadal Hormones and Contraceptive Steroids,” Plenum Press, New York, 1969, p. VII-X.
Goldsmith, N.F., and J.P. Baumberger, Lancet ii:567 (1967).
Halsted, J.A., B.M. Hackley, and J.C. Smith, Ibid. ii:278 (1968).
Bolton, C.H., J.R. Hampton, and J.R. Mitchell, Ibid. i:1336 (1968).
Aftergood, L., H.J. Deuel, Jr., and R.B. Alfin-Slater, J. Nutr. 62:129 (1968).
Fillios, L.C., R. Kaplan, R.S. Martin, and F.J. Stare, Amer. J. Physiol. 193:47 (1958).
Coleman, R.D., Y.M. Chen, and R.B. Alfin-Slater, Circulation Res. 6:172 (1958).
Aftergood, L., and R.B. Alfin-Slater, J. Lipid Res. 6:287 (1965).
Mukherjee, S., and S.J. Gupta, Atheroscler. Res. 7:435 (1967).
Kritchevsky, D., E. Staple, J.L. Rabinowitz, and M.W. Whitehouse, Amer. J. Physiol. 200:519 (1961).
Fewster, M.E., R.E. Pirrie, and D.A. Turner, Endocrinology 80:263 (1967).
Boyd, G.S., Federation Proc. 20:152 (1960).
Renaud, S., Atherosclerosis 12:467 (1970).
Merola, A.J., R.R. Dill, and A. Arnold, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 123:378 (1968).
Morin, J., Experientia 22:163 (1968).
Schweppe, J.S., and R.A. Jungmann, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 131:868 (1969).
Gosselin, L., and M.H. Grosjean, Arch. Intern. Physiol. 76:586 (1968).
Carrol, J.J., and G.H. Pritham, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 115:320 (1966).
Gilmour, K.E., and K.W. McKerns, Ibid. 116:220 (1966).
Aftergood, L., and R.B. Alfin-Slater, J. Lipid Res. 8:126 (1967).
Lyman, R.L., A. Shannon, R. Ostwald, and P. Miljanich, Canad. J. Biochem. 42:365 (1964).
Lyman, R.L., R. Ostwald, P. Bouchard and A. Shannon, Biochem. J. 98:438 (1966).
Christiansen, K., M.V. Gan, and R.T. Holman, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 187:19 (1969).
Hill, P., and D. Dvornik, Canad. J. Biochem. 47:1043 (1969).
Kritchevsky, D., S.A. Tepper, E. Staple and M.W. Whitehouse, J. Lipid Res. 4:188 (1963).
Saini, V.C. and S.J. Patrick, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 202:556 (1970).
Uchida, K., M. Kadowaki, K. Miyata and T. Miyake, Endocrinol. Jap. 17:107 (1970).
Kreek, M.J., R.E. Peterson, M.H. Sleisenger and G.H. Jeffries, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 131:646 (1969).
Forker, E.L., J. Clin. Invest. 48:654 (1969).
Palmer, R.H., T.F. Gallagher, Jr., M.W. Mueller and A. Kappas, in “Metabolic Effects of Gonadal Hormones and Contraceptive Steroids,” Edited by H.A. Salhanick, D.M. Kipnis and R.L. Van de Wiele, Plenum Press, New York, 1969, p. 19–29.
Kappas, A., Gastroenterology 52:113 (1967).
Kreek, M.J., in “Metabolic Effects of Gonadal Hormones and Contraceptive Steroids,” Edited by H.A. Salhanick, D.M. Kipnis and R.L. Van de Wiele, Plenum Press, New York, 1969, p. 40–58.
Zarrow, M.X. and J.H. Clark, Endocrinology 84:340 (1969).
Hebst, A.L., Ibid. 81:54 (1967).
Armstrong, D.T., J. O’Brien and R.O. Greep, Ibid. 28:321 (1964).
Major, P.W., D.T. Armstrong and R.O. Greep, Ibid. 81:19 (1967).
Behrman, H.R. and D.T. Armstrong, Ibid. 85:474 (1969).
Clark, J.H. and M.X. Zarrow, Acta Endocrinol. 56:445 (1967).
Hunter, F. and J. Stewart, Endocrinologie 56:61 (1970).
Armstrong, D.T., Recent Progr. Horm. Res. 24:255 (1968).
Bransome, E.D., Ann. Rev. Physiol. 30:171 (1968).
Ruhmann-Wennhold, A., R. Lauro and D.H. Nelson, Endocrinology 86:175 (1970).
Uchida, K., M. Kadowaki and T. Miyake, Ibid. 76:766 (1964).
Steinberg, M., S. Tolksdorf and A.S. Gordon, Ibid. 81:340 (1967).
Kitay, J., Ibid. 73:253 (1963).
Uchida, K., M. Kadowaki, K. Miyata and T. Miyake, Endocrinol. Jap. 16:211 (1969).
Wolf, R.C., L. Temte and R.K. Meyer, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 125:1230 (1967).
Hallberg, L. and A. Svanborg, Acta. Med. Scand. 181:185 (1967).
Walden, R.T., L.E. Schaefer, F.L. Leman, A. Sunshine and E.L. Wynder, Amer. J. Med. 36:269 (1964).
Svanborg, A. and O. Vikrot, Acta Med. Scand. 179:615 (1966).
Svanborg, A. and O. Vikrot, Ibid. 181:93 (1967).
Eilert, M.L., Amer. Heart J. 38:472 (1949).
Furman, R.H., P. Alaupovic and R.P. Howard, Progr. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2:215 (1967).
Morin, R.J., Experientia 26:829 (1970).
Hagopian, M. and R.W. Robinson, J. Clin. Endocrinol. 25:283 (1965).
Eisalo, A., A. Heino and V. Rasanen, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 47:58 (1968).
Bierman, E.L., in “Metabolic Effects of Gonadal Hormones and Contraceptive Steroids,” Edited by H.A. Salhanick, D.M. Kipnis, and R.L. Van de Wiele, Plenum Press, New York, 1969, p. 207–218.
Barr, D.P., E.M. Russ and H.A. Eder, Trans Assoc. Amer. Physicians 65:102 (1952).
Oliver, M.F. and G.S. Boyd, Circulation 13:82 (1956).
Furman, R.H., P. Alaupovic, R.H. Bradford and R.P. Howard, Progr. Biochem. Pharmacol. 4:334 (1968).
Furman, R.H., in “Metabolic Effects of Gonadal Hormones and Contraceptive Steroids,” Edited by H.A. Salhanick, D.M. Kipnis, and R.L. Van de Wiele, Plenum Press, New York, 1969, p. 247–264.
Bagdade, J.D., D. Porte and E.L. Bierman, Arch. Intern. Med. 125:129 (1970).
Bagdade, J.D., D. Porte and E.L. Bierman, New Engl. J. Med. 276:427 (1967).
Otway, S. and D.S. Robinson, Biochem. J. 106:677 (1968).
Fabian, E., A. Stork, J. Kobilkova and J. Sponarova, Enzymol. Biol. Clin. 8:451 (1967).
Fabian, E., Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 100:904 (1967).
Adlercreutz, H., J. Kerstell and A. Svanborg, Ann. Med. Exp. Biol. Fenn. 45:285 (1967).
deAlvarez, R.B. and B.W. Goodell, Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 88:1039 (1964).
deAlvarez, R.R., B.W. Goodell and I. Zighelboim, Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 97:419 (1967).
Tausk, M., Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 48 (Suppl. 1):41 (1969).
Goldzieher, J.W., J. Martinez-Manautou, N.B. Livingstone and E. Rice-Wray, Fortschr. Med. 82:739 (1964).
Lauritzen, C., Acta Endocrinol. (Suppl. 124):87 (1967).
Saunders, F.J., Ibid.46:157 (1964).
Padbidri, J.R., U.M. Joshi and S.S. Rao, Indian J. Exp. Biol. 4:219 (1966).
Yang, M.G., V.L. Sanger and O. Mickelsen, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 130:1146 (1969).
Banik, U.K., C. Revesz and F.J. Herr, Reprod. Fert. 18:509 (1969).
Aftergood, L., H.J. Hernandez and R.B. Alfin-Slater, J. Lipid Res. 9:447 (1968).
Alfin-Slater, R.B. and L. Aftergood, in “Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism,” Edited by W.L. Holmes, L.A. Carlson and R. Paoletti, Plenum Press, New York, 1969, p. 501–510.
Aftergood, L. and R.B. Alfin-Slater, J. Lipid Res. 12:306 (1971).
Aftergood, L. and R.B. Alfin-Slater, in “Metabolic Effects of Gonadal Hormones and Contraceptive Steroids,” Edited by H.A. Salhanick, D.M. Kipnis, and R.L. Vande Wiele, Plenum Press, New York, 1969, p. 265–274.
Vyas, M.K., Indian J. Biochem. 7:116 (1970).
Aftergood, L. and R.B. Alfin-Slater, JAOCS 48:92A (1971).
Hellman, L.M., Tex. Rep. Biol. Med. 25:318 (1967).
Anberg, A., Acta Obstet. and Gynecol. Scand. 45 (Suppl. 9):40 (1966).
Larsson-Cohn, U. and U. Stenram, Acta Med. Scand. 181:257 (1967).
Martinez-Manautou, J., R. Aznar-Ramos, J. Bautista-O’Farrell and H. Gonzalez-Angulo, Acta Endocrinol. 65:207 (1970).
Song, C.S., I.R. Merkatz, A.B. Rifking, P.N. Gillette and A. Kappas, Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 108:227 (1970).
Burton, J.L., Lancet ii:1326 (1967).
Arias, I.M., in “Metabolic Effects of Gonadal Hormones and Contraceptive Steroids,” Edited by H.A. Salhanick, D.M. Kipnis and R.L. Vande Wiele, Plenum Press, New York, 1969, p. 30–39.
Adlercreutz, H. and R. Tenhunen, Amer. J. Med. 49:630 (1970).
Wynn, V., J.W.H. Doar and G.L. Mills, Lancet ii:720 (1966).
Furman, R.H., R.P. Howard, L.N. Norcia and E.C. Keaty, Amer. J. Med. 24:80 (1958).
Wynn, V., J.W.H. Doar, G.L. Mills and T. Stokes, Lancet ii:756 (1969).
Barton, G.M.G., P.R. Freeman and J.P. Lawson, J. Obstet. Gynecol. Brit. Common. 77:551 (1970).
Pincus, G., “The Control of Fertility,” Academic Press, New York, 1965, p. 276.
Aurell, M., K. Cramer and G. Rybo, Lancet i:291 (1966).
Brody, S., A.M. Hogdahl, L. Nilsson, A. Svanborg and O. Vikrot, Acta Med. Scand. 179:501 (1966).
Glueck, C.J., W.V. Brown, R.I. Levy, H. Greten and D.S. Fredrickson, Lancet i:1290 (1969).
Smith, R.B.W. and I.A.M. Prior, Ibid. i:750 (1968).
Haller, J., in “Hormonal Contraception,” Geron X, Los Altos, Calif, 1969, p. 196.
Elgee, N.J., Ann. Intern. Med. 72:409 (1970).
Sachs, B.A., L. Wolfman and N. Herzig, Obstet. Gynecol. 34:530 (1969).
Doe, R.P., G.T. Mellinger, W.R. Swaim and U.S. Seal, J. Clin. Endocrinol. 27:1081 (1967).
Furman, R.H., P. Alaupovic, R.H. Bradford and R.P. Howard, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Recent Advances in Atherosclorosis, Athens, Edited by C.J. Miras, Karger, New York, 1966, p. 20.
Wynn, V. and J.W.H. Doar, in “Metabolic Effects of Gonadal Hormones and Contraceptive Steroids,” Edited by H.A. Salhanick, D.M. Kipnis and R.L. Vande Wiele, Plenum Press, New York, 1969, p. 219–231.
Corredor, D.G., L.V. Mendelsohn, G. Sabeh, J.H. Sunder and T.S. Danowski, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 11:168 (1970).
Zorilla, E., M. Hulse, A. Hernandez and H. Gershberg, J. Clin. Endocrinol. 28:1793 (1968).
Sachs, B.A. and L. Wolfman, Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 109:155 (1971).
Larsson-Cohn, U., R. Berlin and O. Vikrot, Acta Endocrinol. 63:717 (1970).
Spellacy, W.N., Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 104:448 (1969).
Bierman, E.L., I.L. Schwarz and V.P. Dole, Amer. J. Physiol. 191:359 (1957).
Spellacy, W.M., W.C. Buhi and R.P. Bendel, Int. J. Fert. 14:51 (1969).
Goldzieher, J.W., Contraception 1:409 (1970).
Hazzard, W.R., M.J. Spiger, J.D. Bagdade and E.L. Bierman, New Engl. J. Med. 280:471 (1969).
Gershberg, H., M. Hulse and Z. Javier, Obstet. Gynecol. 31:186 (1968).
Svanborg, A. and O. Vikrot, Acta Med. Scand. 178:615 (1965).
Brody, S., J. Kesstell, L. Nilsson and A. Svanborg, Ibid. 183:1 (1968).
Seng, P., H. Hasche, W. Rebensburg and K.D. Voigt, Acta Endocrinol. 62:181 (1969).
Ham, J.M. and R. Rose, Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 105:628 (1969).
Adams, J.H., R.A. Mitchell and G.D. Soppitt, Lancet ii:333 (1970).
Spellacy, W.N. and K.L. Carlson, Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 95:474 (1966).
Spellacy, W.N., K.L. Carlson and S.A. Birk, Diabetes 16:590 (1967a).
Spellacy, W.N., K.L. Carlson, S.A. Birk and S.L. Schade, Metabolism 17:496 (1968).
Spellacy, W.N., K.L. Carlson and S.L. Schade, J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 202:451 (1967b).
Haller, J., Contraception 1:233 (1970).
McCullagh, E.P., J.C. Beck and C.A. Schaffenberg, Diabetes 4:13 (1955).
Spiegelman, A.R., Amer. J. Med. Sci. 200:228 (1940).
Wynn, V. and J.W.H. Doar, Lancet ii:715 (1966).
Williamson, H.O., in “Progress in Conception Control,” Edited by E.T. Tyler, J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1969, p. 22.
Layne, D.S., P.S. Vaishwanar and G.J. Pincus, Clin. Endocrinol. 21:1071 (1961).
Sawin, C.T., “The Hormones,” Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 1969, p. 63.
Demerre, L.J., E.G. Gilbreath and D.S. Pattison, Obstet. Gynecol. 32:645 (1968).
Oliver, M.F., Brit. Med. J. 2:210 (1970).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Alfin-Slater, R.B., Aftergood, L. Lipids and the pill. Lipids 6, 693–705 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02531293
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02531293