Skip to main content
Log in

Modifikationen der Guanethidin-Blockade zur Diagnostik der sympathischen Reflexdystrophie (Morbus Sudeck)

Modification of the guanethidine block for diagnosing reflex sympathetic dystrophy

  • Originalien
  • Published:
Der Schmerz Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

For diagnosis of the pain origin in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), sympathetic blocks, including the intravenous regional guanethidine (IVRG) block after Hannington-Kiff, are recommended. Since the results obtained with this kind of block are sometimes unsatisfactory, modifications were made to increase its technical efficacy.

Patients and methods

Forty-seven RSD patients were investigated. Among the typical triad of RSD symptoms, all patients showed distally generalized oedema of the affected extremity and complained of spontaneous pain. This pain showed an orthostatic component in all but two patients. The modifications of the IVRG-block were: (1) distal (in contrast to proximal) suprasystolic compression of the affected extremity before i.v. injection of guanethidine (GA); (2) reduction of the recommended dose of GA (10–30 mg) to 2.5 mg GA for each block; (3) no additional local anaesthetics, which are recommended for suppression of the typical pain following GA injection, since this pain allows identification of the distribution of the GA (complete? incomplete?) within the symptomatic area; (4) repeated subsequent injection of physiological saline to improve the distribution of GA within the symptomatic area.

Results

Injection of GA and repeated injections of saline (mean: 43 ml, range: 10–95 ml) elicited pain—lessening in intensity with repetition—in the same region as the spontaneous pain of RSD in all but the two patients mentioned above. Following the modified IVRG block, all but these two patients experienced significant pain reduction (Table 1). In total, 87% of all 47 patients under study were acutely (for at least 1 day) pain-free after the block.

Conclusions

The modified IVRG block seems to have a high diagnostic value with respect to the presence of a sympathetic contribution to the pain in RSD. As a reduced GA dose/block is used, this form of the block appears to be safer than other kinds of sympathetic blocks.

Zusammenfassung

Zur Diagnostik der Spontanschmerzen einer sympathischen Reflexdystrophie (SRD) werden generell Sympathikusblokkaden empfohlen, unter anderem die von Hannington-Kiff eingeführte intravenöse regionale Guanethidin-Blockade (IVRG-Blockade). Da mit diesem Verfahren z.T. unbefriedigende Ergebnisse erzielt werden, wurden hierzu methodische Verbesserungen angestrebt. Aufgrund einer Untersuchung von 47 SRD-Patienten können folgende Modifikationen des IVRG-Blocks empfohlen werden: 1. Grundsätzlich distale Stauung der betroffenen Extremität—im Gegensatz zur empfohlenen proximalen Stauung. 2. Dies erlaubt eine Reduktion des i.v. gegebenen Guanethidins (GA) von den empfohlenen 10–30 mg auf 2,5 mg/Block. 3. Verzicht auf die empfohlene Zugabe eines Lokalanästhetikums, da die Lokalisation der typischen GA-Injektionsschmerzen Hinweise auf die erreichte Verteilung (komplett/inkomplett?) des GA gibt. 4. Nach GA-Gabe über den gleichen Zugang wird NaCl 0,9% injiziert, um eine möglichst komplette Verteilung des GA im symptomatischen Gebiet zu erreichen. Insgesamt 87% der untersuchten Patienten waren nach einer so ausgeführten Blockade akut schmerzfrei. Der modifizierte IVRG-Block bietet offenbar eine hohe diagnostische Sicherheit mit Bezug zu einer sympathischen Beteiligung an den Schmerzen der SRD. Darüber hinaus macht die erreichte Dosisreduktion des GA/Block dieses Verfahren nahezu risikolos gegenüber allen anderen Formen der Sympathikolyse.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Literatur

  1. Arnér S (1991) Intravenous phentolamine test: diagnostic and prognostic use in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Pain 46:17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Becher HK (1959) Measurement of subjective responses. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  3. Blumberg H (1991) A new clinical approach for diagnosing reflex sympathetic dystrophy. In: Bond MK, Charlton JE, Woolf CJ (eds) Pain research and clinical management (Proceedings of the VIth World Congress on Pain vol 4). Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, p 399

    Google Scholar 

  4. Blumberg H, Jänig W (1993) Clinical manifestations of reflex sympathetic dystrophy and sympathetically maintained pain. In: Wall P, Melzack R (eds) Textbook of Pain, 3rd edn. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh, p 685

    Google Scholar 

  5. Blumberg H, Hoffmann U (1992) Der “Ischämie-Test”—eine neues Verfahren in der klinischen Diagnostik der sympathischen Reflexdystrophie (Kausalgie, M. Sudeck). Der Schmerz 2:196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Blumberg H, Hoffmann Ulrike, Wakhloo AK, Wokalek H (1993) Die lokalisierte Form einer sympathischen Reflexdystrophie. Ein Fallbericht. Der Schmerz 7:178

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bonica JJ (1990) Causalgie and other reflex sympathetic dystrophies. In: Bonica JJ (ed). The management of pain, 2nd edn. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, London, p 220

    Google Scholar 

  8. Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO (1988) Neural blockade. Pain management. 2nd edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  9. Devor M, Jänig W, Michaelis M (1994) Modulation of activity in dorsal root ganglion neurons by sympathetic activation in nerve injured rats. J Neurophysiol 71:38

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Erikson S (1991) Duration of sympathetic blockade. Stellate ganglion versus regional guanethidine block. Anaesthesia 36:768

    Google Scholar 

  11. Hannington-Kiff JG (1993) Sympathetic nerve blocks in painful limb disorders. In: Wall P, Melzack R (eds) Textbook of pain, 3rd edn. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh, p 1035

    Google Scholar 

  12. Hannington-Kiff JG (1989) Intravenous regional sympathetic blocks. In: Stanton-Hicks JG, Jänig W, Boas RA (eds) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston Dordrecht London, p 113

    Google Scholar 

  13. Jänig W, Blumberg H, Boas R, Campbell J (1991) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Consensus statement and general recommendations for diagnosis and clinical research. In: Bond MR, Charlton JE, Woolf CJ (eds) Pain research and clinical management (proceedings of the VI. World Congress on Pain vol 4). Elsevier, Amsterdam New York Oxford, p 372

    Google Scholar 

  14. McLachlan E, Jänig W, Devor M, Michaelis M (1993) Peripheral nerve injury triggers noradrenergic sprouting within dorsal root ganglia. Nature 363:543

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wall PD (1992) The placebo effect: an unpopular topic. Pain 51:1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hoffmann, U., Blumberg, H. Modifikationen der Guanethidin-Blockade zur Diagnostik der sympathischen Reflexdystrophie (Morbus Sudeck). Schmerz 8, 95–99 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02530414

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02530414

Key words

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation