Abstract
The validity as a monophyletic taxon of the group of branchiopod crustaceans long regarded as constituting the Cladocera is questioned. This seems in fact to be a heterogeneous assemblage whose members probably merit assignment to four separate orders. The Onychopoda and Haplopoda (the so-called Gymnomera) clearly stand apart from the Ctenopoda and Anomopoda (the so-called Calyptomera) and differ in important respects from each other. While sharing several characters, some doubtless indicative of distant ancestral similarities, others probably convergent, the Ctenopoda and Anomopoda differ in many respects, have clearly evolved along different lines, and are probably much less closely related than is generally assumed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Binder, G., 1932. Das Muskelsystem vonDaphnia. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 26: 54–111.
Bowen, S. T., J. Hanson, P. Dowling & M. C. Poon, 1966. The genetics ofArtemia salina. VI. Summary of mutations. Biol. Bull. 131(2): 230–250.
Calman, W. T., 1909. A Treatise on Zoology. Part VII. Apendiculara. Third Fasc.Crustacea. Adam and Charles Black, London, 346 pp.
Cannon, H. G., 1933. On the feeding mechanism of the Branchiopoda. Phil. Trans. r. Soc. Lond. (B) 222: 267–352.
Dahl., E., 1983. Alternatives in malacostracan evolution. Mem. Aust. Mus. 18: 1–5.
Dahl, E., 1983a. Phylogenetic systematics and the Crustacea Malacostraca — a problem of prerequisites. Verh. naturw. Ver. Hamb. (NF) 25: 355–371.
Eriksson, S., 1934. Studien über die Fangapparate der Branchiopoden nebst einigen phylogenetischen Bemerkungen. Zool. Bidr. Upps. 15: 23–287.
Flössner, D., 1972. Krebstiere, Crustacea. Kiemen- und Blattfüsser, Brachiopoda, Fischläuse, Branchiura. Tierwelt Dtl. 60: 1–501.
Fryer, G., 1963. The functional morphology and feeding mechanism of the chydorid cladoceranEurycercus lamellatus (O. F. Müller). Trans. r. Soc. Edinb. 65: 335–381.
Fryer, G., 1968. Evolution and adaptive radiation in the Chydoridae (Crustacea: Cladocera): a study in comparative functional morphology and ecology. Phil. Trans. r. Soc., Lond. (B) 254: 221–385.
Fryer, G., 1974. Evolution and adaptive radiation in the Macrothricidae (Crustacea: Cladocera): a study in comparative functional morphology and ecology. Phil. Trans. r. Soc., Lond. (B) 269: 137–274.
Fryer, G., 1985. Structure and habits of living branchiopod crustaceans and their bearing on the interpretation of fossil forms. Trans. r. Soc. Edinb. 76: 101–113.
Heydon, C. von, 1862. Gliederthiere aus der Braunkohle des Niederrhein's, der Wetterau und der Röhn. Palaeontographica 10: 62–82.
Hinton, H. E., 1955. On the structure, function and distribution of the prolegs of the Panorpoidea with a criticism of the Berless-Imms theory. Trans. r. ent. Soc. Lond. 106: 455–456.
Largaiolli, V., 1906. Über das Vorkommen von Doppelaugen bei einer limnetischen Daphnie. Zool. Anz. 29: 701.
Largaiolli, V., 1906a.Diaphanosoma brachyurum Liev. var.tridentinum mihi. Arch. Hydrobiol. 1: 428–432.
Löpmann, A., 1937. Die Zweiäugigkeit vonDiaphanosoma. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 34: 432–487.
Makrushin, A. V., 1985. Peculiarities of reproductive system in Polyphemoidea,Penilia avirostris, and Moinidae (Crustacea, Cladocera) related to the loss of yolk by subitanic eggs. Zool. Zh. 64: 769–772. (In Russian).
McKenzie, K. G., K. J. Müller & M. N. Gramm, 1983. Phylogeny of Ostracoda. In F. R. Schram (ed.) Crustacean Phylogeny. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam: 29–46.
Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, Ph. D., 1968. On the taxonomy of the Polyphemidae. Crustaceana 14: 197–209.
Norberg, R. A., 1977. Occurrence and independent evolution of bilateral ear asymmetry in owls and implications on owl taxonomy. Phil. Trans. r. Soc. Lond. (B) 280: 375–408.
Odselius, R. & D. E. Nilsson, 1983. Regionally different ommatidial structure in the compound eye of the water-fleaPolyphemus (Cladocera, Crustacea). Proc. r. Soc. Lond. (B) 217: 177–189.
Preuss, G., 1957. Die Musculatur der Gliedmaszen von Phylopoden und Anostraken. Mitt. zool. Mus. Berlin 33: 221–257.
Schminke, H. K., 1981. Adaptation of Bathynellacea (Crustacea, Syncarida) to life in the interstitial (‘Zoea Theory’). Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 66: 575–637.
Wesenberg-Lund, C., 1904. Studier over de Danske Søers Plankton. Specielle del. 1. Texst. Gyldendal, København. 223 pp.
Wingstrand, K. G., 1978. Comparative spermatology of the Crustacea Entomostraca 1. Subclass Branchiopoda. Biol. Skr. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 22: 66 pp.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fryer, G. Morphology and the classification of the so-called Cladocera. Hydrobiologia 145, 19–28 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02530261
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02530261