Skip to main content
Log in

Die Bestimmung des i.m. Morphin-Äquivalents zur Therapie des Krebsschmerzes mit verschiedenen Opioiden oder beim Wechsel des Verabreichungsweges

The estimation of the i.m. morphine-equivalent in cancer pain treatment with different opioids or different routes of administrations. Practical meaning and limitations

Praxisrelevanz und Grenzen

  • Das Medikament
  • Published:
Der Schmerz Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

During the long-term treatment with opioids it is sometimes important to switch the opioid or change the route of administration. The estimation of morphine-equivalents can be helpful in this range because it clarifies the dose in milligramm required for different clinical situations. The basis of this estimation is the equianalgesic potency of opioids. One i.m. morphine-equivalent is the analgesic dose of an opioid (i.m. injected) equal to the analgesic effect of 1 mg morphine (i.m.). The relationships between equianalgesic doses and intramuscular and oral routes of applications are listed in tables. The cross-tolerance between different opioids during long-term treatment is not complete. To avoid an overdose, we suggest a reduction in the calculated opioid dose of 50%. Additional “rescue doses” can be used during the period immediately the change to provied satisfactory pain control. A new opioid dosage should be calculated every 24 hours based on the basaline dose plus the total quantity of “rescue” medication required by the patient. Useful starting point for calculation an effective dose when changing from one opioid or route of administration to another can result in improved pain control that is more responsive to patient need. The limitations are 1. individual differences in the response to opioids, especially during long-term treatment and in the development of analgesic tolerance, 2. individual differences in the response to alternatives routes of administration, and 3. the unknown degree of cross tolerance among opioid drugs. The scientific meaning of the estimation of i.m. morphine-equivalent is discussed.

Zusammenfassung

Es ist in der klinischen Praxis mitunter nötig, einen Opioidwechsel vorzunehmen. Dafür gibt es im wesentlichen 2 Gründe. Zum einen kann der Dosisspielraum aufgrund überwiegender Nebenwirkungen erschöpft sein, zum anderen kann eine Applikationsform nicht mehr möglich sein. Das Arbeiten mit dem i.m. Morphin-Äquivalent gibt eine bewährte Hilfestellung, um anhaltsmäßige Dosisberechnungen und Umrechnnngen vornehmen zu können. Die Berechnung wird für jeweils 24 h angestellt. Ein Morphin-Äquivalent ist die fiktive analgetisch wirksame Dosis eines Opioids, die derjenigen von 1 mg Morphin entspricht. Beide Opioide sind nur über die intramuskuläre Applikation vergleichbar. Die Basis des i.m. Morphin-Äquivalents ist die äquianalgetische Dosis der Opioide. Damit verbindet sich die Aussage, daß durch bestimmte Dosierungen unterschiedlich potenter Opioide eine gleiche Analgesie erzeugbar ist. Man muß berücksichtigen, daß sich hinsichtlich der verschiedenen Wirkungen zwischen den Opioiden eine inkomplette Kreuztoleranz entwickelt. Sie soll in die Kalkulation miteinbezogen werden. Um Überdosierungen des neuen Opioides zu vermeiden, sollte seine Anfangsdosis nur 50% des errechneten Wertes betragen. Die angewandten initialen Dosierungen können unkompliziert anhand der bedarfsweisen Zwischendosierungen komplettiert werden. Alle 24 h sollte dann eine neue Anpassung der Basisdosierung bilanziert werden. Das Morphin-Äquivalent stellt nur eine initiale Orientierung auf die neue Therapie dar. Diese Begrenzung ergibt sich zwangsläufig aus der stets unklaren individuellen Ansprechbarkeit auf ein neues Opioid/eine neue Applikationsform sowie aus der evtl. veränderten Wirkungsdauer. Außerdem ist zu beachten, daß die vorhandenen Vergleichswerte nur auf akuten Wirkungsstudien an einer großen Zahl von Einzelpatienten beruhen. Der Gesichtspunkt der wissenschaftlichen Vergleichbarkeit einer Schmerztherapie an Patientenkollektiven mit verschiedenen Opioiden oder Applikationsformen verdient hervorgehoben zu werden.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Literatur

  1. Albinus M, Hempel V (1988) Analgetika und Schmerztherapie. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  2. Beaver WT, Wallenstein SL, Houde RW, Rogers A (1967) A clinical comparison of the analgesic effects of methadone and morphine administered intramusculary, and of orally and parenterally administered methadone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 8:415

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Boas RA, Holford NHG, Villiger JW (1985) Clinical pharmacology of opiate analgesia. In: Dubner R, Cervero F (eds) Adv Pain Res Ther, Raven Press, New York, p 695

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bruera E, Brenneis C, MacDonald R (1987) Continuous sc infusion for the treatment of cancer pain: an update. Cancer Pain Treatment 71:953

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Brune K, Dietzel K, Müller N (1986) Pharmakologie des Schmerzes. In: Wörz R (Hrsg) Pharmakotherapie bei Schmerz. Edition Medizin, Weinheim, S 44

    Google Scholar 

  6. Coper H (1977) Cross-tolerance and cross-dependence between different types of addictive drugs. In: Fishman J (ed) The basis of addiction. Life Sci Rep, Dahlem-Konferenzen, Berlin, p 235

    Google Scholar 

  7. Cousins MJ, Cherry DA, Gourley GK (1988) Acute and chronic pain: use of spinal opioids. In: Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO (eds) Neural blockade in clinical anesthesia and management of pain 2nd edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia London Sao Paulo, p 955

    Google Scholar 

  8. Chrubasik J, Wiemers K (1985) Continuous-plus-demand epidural infusion of morphine for postoperative pain relief by means of a small, externally worn infusion device. Anesthesiology 62:263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Eisenach JC, Rauck RL (1989) Spinal opiate administration in cancer pain management. In: Foley KM, Payne RM (eds) Current therapy of pain. Decker, Toronto Philadelphia, p 400

    Google Scholar 

  10. Foley KM (1985) The treatment of cancer pain. N Engl J Med 313:84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Foley KM (1986) Current controversies in opioid therapy. In: Foley KM, Inturisi CE (eds) Adv Pain Res Ther, vol 8. Raven Press, New York, p 3

    Google Scholar 

  12. Freye E (1987) Opioide in der Anästhesiologie. Urban & Schwarzenberg, München Wien Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  13. Gourlay GK, Cherry DA, Cousins MJ (1985) Cephaled migration of morphine in CSF following lumbar epidural administration in patients with cancer pain. Pain 23:317

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Grosman SA, Sheidler VR (1987) An aid to priscribing narcotics for the relief of cancer pain. World Health Forum 8:525

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hambrock JM, Rance MJ (1976) The interaction of buprenorphine with the opiate receptor. In: Kosterlitz HW (ed) Opiates and endogenous opioid peptides. Elsevier North Holland and Biochemical Press, Amsterdam, p 295

    Google Scholar 

  16. Houde RW (1974) The use and misuse of narcotics in the treatment of chronic pain. Adv Neurol 4:527

    Google Scholar 

  17. Houde RW (1979) Systemic analgesics and related drugs: narcotic analgesics. In: Bonica JJ, Ventafridda V (eds) Adv Pain Res Therap, vol 2. Raven Press, New York, p 263

    Google Scholar 

  18. Houde RW, Wallenstein SL (1958) Comparisons of oral versus parenteral effectiveness of some analgetics in patients with pain due to cancer. Fed Proc 13:367

    Google Scholar 

  19. Houde RW, Wallenstein SL, Beaver WT (1965) Clinical measurement of pain. In: De Stevens G (ed) Analgetics, Academic Press, New York, p 75

    Google Scholar 

  20. Houde RW, Wallenstein SL, Beaver WT (1966) Evaluation of analgesics in patients with cancer pain. In: Lasagna L (ed) Intern Encyclop Pharmacol Ther, sect 6, vol 1. Clin Pharmacol, p 59

  21. Inturrisi CE, Foley KM (1984) Narcotic analgesics in the management of pain. In: Kuhar M, Pasternak G (eds) Analgesics: neurochemical, behavioral, and clinical perspectives. Raven Press, New York, p 257

    Google Scholar 

  22. Inturrisi CE (1989) Clinical pharmacology of opioid analgesics. In: Benumof JL (ed) Anesthesiology clinics of North America. Saunders, Philadelphia London Toronto, vol 7, no 1, p 33

    Google Scholar 

  23. Jaffe JH (1985) Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In: Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Rall TW, Murad F (eds) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 7th edn. Mac Millan, New York Toronto London, p 491

    Google Scholar 

  24. Jurna I (1987) Buprenorphin (Temgesic) —Pharmakologie und klinische Anwendung. Der Schmerz 1:45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kaiko RF (1986) Commentary: Equianalgesic dose ration of intramuscular/oral morphine, 1∶6 versus 1∶3. In: Foley KM, Inturrisi CE (eds) Adv Pain Res Ther, vol 8, Raven Press, New York, p 87

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kanner RM, Foley KM (1981) Patterns of narcotic drug use in a cancer pain clinic. Ann NY Acad Sci 362:161

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lo SL, Coleman RR (1986) Exceptionally high narcotic analgesic requirements in a terminally ill cancer patient. Clin Pharm 5:828

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mather LE, Denson DD (1986) Clinical pharmacokinetics of analgesic drugs. In: Raj PP (ed) Practical management of pain. Year Book Medical, Chicago London, p 503

    Google Scholar 

  29. Matthiessen Hv, Grote B, Kiwit J, Schoppe W-D (1987) Therapic tumorbedingter Schmerzen. Dtsch Ärztebl 84:B-1756

    Google Scholar 

  30. Max MB, Inturris CE, Kaiko RF, Grabinski PY, Hao Li Cho, Foley KM (1985) Epidural and intrathecal opiates: cerebrospinal fluid and plasma profiles in patients with chronic pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 38:631

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Miser AW, Moore L, Greene R, Gracely RH, Miser JS (1986) Prospective study of continuous intravenous and subcutanous morphine infusions for therapy-related or cancer-related pain in children and young adults with cancer. Clin J Pain 2:101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Pasternak G (1988) Multiple morphine and enkephalin receptors and the relief of pain. J Am Med Assoc 259:1362

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Paul D, Standifer KM, Inturrisi CE, Pasternak G (1989) Pharmacological characterization of morphine-6 beta-glucuronide, a very potent morphine metabolite. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251:477

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Pfeifer BL, Sernaker HL, Ter Horst U (1988) Pain scores and ventilatory and circulatory sequelae of epidural morphine in cancer patients with and without prior narcotic therapy. Anesth Analg 67:838

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Portenoy RK (1987) Optimal pain control in elderly cancer patients. Geriatrics 42:33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Portenoy RK, Foley KM (1986) Chronic use of opioid analgesics in non-malignant pain: report of 38 cases. Pain 25:171

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Portenoy RK, Moulin DE, Rogers A, Inturrisi CE, Foley KM (1986) Iv infusion of opioids for cancer pain: clinical review and guidelines for use. Cancer Treatment Rep 70:575

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Principles of analgesic use in the treatment of acute pain and chronic cancer pain. A concise guide to medical practice (1987) American Pain Society, Washington

  39. Saarne A (1969) Clinical evaluation of the new analgesic piritramide. Acta Anaesth Scand 13:11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Säwe J (1986) Morphine and its 3- and 6-glucuronides in plasma and urine during chronic oral administration in cancer patients. In: Foley KM, Inturrisi CE (1986) Adv Pain Res Ther, vol 8, Raven Press, New York, p 45

    Google Scholar 

  41. Seed JC, Wallenstein SL, Houde RW, Bellville JW (1958) A comparison of the analgesic and respiratory effects of dihydrocodeine and morphine in man. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 116:293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sjoestroem S, Hartvig D, Tamsen A (1988) Patient-controlled analgesia with extradural morphine or pethidine. Br J Anaesth 60:358

    Google Scholar 

  43. Twycross RG, McQuay HJ (1989) Opioids. In: Wall PD, Melzack R (eds) Textbook of pain, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh London Melbourne, p 686

    Google Scholar 

  44. Wallenstein SL (1984) Scaling clinical pain and pain relief. In: Bromm B (ed) Pain measurement in man. Neurophysiological correlates of pain. Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam, p 389

    Google Scholar 

  45. Wallenstein SL, Kaiko RF, Rogers A, Houde RW (1986) Crossover trials in clinical analgesic assays: studies of buprenorphine and morphine. Pharmacotherapy 6:228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Wangler MA, Rosenblatt RM (1983) Methadone titration to avoid excessive respiratory depression. Anesthesiology 59:363

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Wüster M, Schulz R, Herz A (1985) Opioid tolerance and dependence: re-evaluating the unitary hypothesis. Trends Pharm Sci 6:64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Westermeyer J (1986) A clinical guide to alcohol and drug problems. Praeger, New York Westport Connecticut, p 34

    Google Scholar 

  49. Yaksh TL, Onofrio BM (1987) Retrospective consideration of the doses of morphine given intrathecally by chronic infusion in 163 patients by 19 physicians. Pain 31:211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Zech D, Schug A, Horsch M (1988) Therapiekompendium Tumorschmerz. Perimed, Erlangen

    Google Scholar 

  51. Zenz M (1984) Schmerztherapie mit Opiaten. In: Zimmermann M, Handwerker HO (Hrsg) Schmerz. Konzepte und ärztliches Handeln, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 189

    Google Scholar 

  52. Zenz M, Piepenbrock S, Tryba M (1985) Epidural opiates: long-term experiences in cancer pain. Klin Wochenschr 63:225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Zenz M, Strumpf M, Tryba M, Röhrs E, Steffmann B (1989) Retardiertes Morphin zur Langzeittherapie schwerer Tumorschmerzen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 114:43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Jage, J., Portenoy, R.K. & Foley, K.M. Die Bestimmung des i.m. Morphin-Äquivalents zur Therapie des Krebsschmerzes mit verschiedenen Opioiden oder beim Wechsel des Verabreichungsweges. Schmerz 4, 110–117 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02527845

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02527845

Navigation