Abstract
The advent of sentinel lymph node mapping (SLNM) has had a profound impact on the surgical management of breast cancer and melanoma over the past decade. However, SLNM in gastrointestinal malignancies is still in its infancy. The role of SLNM in gastrointestinal malignancies is to increase staging accuracy and to reduce the understaging associated with standard surgical and pathological techniques. Numerous authors have described the successful use of SLNM in colon, rectal, gastric, esophageal, and anal canal malignancies, with a high degree of accuracy and upstaging by detailed pathological analysis of the sentinel nodes. Over the past 2 years, research and publications related to gastrointestinal lymphatic mapping have dramatically increased worldwide.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Osborne MP, Rosenbaum-Smith SM. The historic background of lymphatic mapping. In: Cody HS III, ed.Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd, 2002:3–10.
Weinberg J, Greaney EM, Identification of regional lymph nodes by means of a vital staining dye during surgery of gastric cancer.Surg Gynecol Obstet 1950;90:561–7.
Morl F.Chirurg 1952;23:238.
Sherman AI, Ter-Pogossian M. Lymph node concentration of radioactive colloidal gold following interstitial injection.Cancer 1953;6:1238–40.
Gould EA, Winship T, Philbin PH, et al. Observations on a “sentinel node” in cancer of the parotid.Cancer 1960;13:77–8.
Kett K, Varga G, Lukacs L. Direct lymphography of the breast.Lymphology 1970;3:2–12.
Cabanas RM. An approach for the treatment of penile carcinoma.Cancer 1977;39:456–66.
Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH, et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma.Arch Surg 1992;127:392–9.
Robinson DS, Sample WF, Fee HJ, Holmes C, Morton DL. Regional lymphatic drainage in primary malignant melanoma of the trunk determined by colloidal gold scanning.Surg Forum 1977; 28:147–8.
Fee HJ, Robinson DS, Sample WF, Graham LS, Holmes EC, Morton DL. The determination of lymph shed by colloidal gold scanning in patients with malignant melanoma: a preliminary study.Surgery 1978;84:626–32.
Holmes EC, Moseley HS, Morton DL, Clark W, Robinson D, Urist MM. A rational approach to the surgical management of melanoma.Ann Surg 1977;186:481–90.
Krag DN, Weaver DL, Alex JC, et al. Surgical resection and radiolocalization of the sentinel node in breast cancer using a gamma probe.Surg Oncol 1993;2:335–9.
Giuliano AE, Kirgan DM, Guenther JM, et al. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer.Ann Surg 1994; 220:391–401.
Saha S, Ganatra BK, Gauthier J, et al. Localization of sentinel lymph node in colon cancer. A feasibility study.SSO 50th Annual Cancer Symposium 1997;80:54.
Messina JL, Reintgen DS, Cruse CW, et al. Selective lymphadenectomy in patients with Merkel cell (cutaneous neuroendocrine) carcinoma.Ann Surg Oncol 1997;4:389–95.
Keleman PR, van Herle AJ, Giuliano AE. Sentinel lymphadenectomy in thyroid malignant neoplasms.Arch Surg 1998;133:288–92.
de Hullu JA, Doting ME, Piers DA, et al. Sentinel lymph node identification with technetium-99m-labeled nanocolloid in squamous cell cancer of the vulva.J Nucl Med 1998;39:1381–5.
Wawroschek F, Vogt H, Weckermann D, et al. The sentinel lymph node concept in prostate cancer-first results of gamma probeguided sentinel lymph node identification.Eur Urol 1999;36:595–600.
Little AG, Dehoyos A, Kirgan DM, et al. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping for non-small cell lung cancer: the sentinel node technique.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:220–4.
Kitagawa Y, Fugii H, Mukai M, et al. The role of the sentinel lymph node in gastrointestinal cancer.Surg Clin North Am 2000; 80:1799–809.
Keshtgar MR, Amin A, Taylor I, et al. The sentinel node in anal carcinoma.Eur J Oncol 2001;27:113–4.
Haboubi NY, Clark P, Kaftan SM, et al. The importance of combining xylene clearance and immunohistochemistry in the accurate staging of colorectal carcinoma.J Royal Soc Med 1992;85:386–8.
Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Maamoun S, Weber TK, et al. Clinical significance of colorectal cancer: metastases in lymph nodes <5mm in size.Ann Surg Oncol 1996;3:124–30.
Swanson RS, Compton CC, Stewart AK, et al. The Prognosis of T3N0 colon cancer is dependent on the number of lymph nodes examined.Ann Surg Oncol 2003;10:65–71.
Goldstein NS, Sanford W, Coffey M, et al. Lymph node recovery from colorectal resection specimens removed for adenocarcinoma. Trends overtime and a recommendation for a minimum number of lymph nodes to be recovered.Am J Clin Pathol 1996;106:209–16.
Wiese DA, Saha S, Badin J, et al. Pathologic evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in colorectal carcinoma.Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000; 124:1759–63.
Saha S, Espinosa M, Wiese D, et al. Accurate staging of colorectal cancer by sentinel lymph node mapping. A prospective study.Proceedings of the 17th International Cancer Congress 1998;2: 1005–11.
Joosten JJ, Strobbe LJ, Wauters CA, et al. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and the sentinel node concept in colorectal carcinoma.Br J Surg 1999;86:482–6.
Saha S, Wiese D, Badin J, et al. Technical details of sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer and its impact on staging.Ann Surg Oncol 2000;7:120–4.
Tsioulias G, Wood T, Morton D, et al. Lymphatic mapping and focused analysis of sentinel lymph nodes upstage gastrointestinal neoplasms.Arch Surg 2000;135:926–32.
Saha S, Nora D, Wong JH, et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer-a review.Surg Clin Of N Am 2000;80:1811–9.
Thorn M. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy: is the method applicable to patients with colorectal and gastric cancer?Eur J Surg 2000;166:755–8.
Merrie AE, van Rij AM, Phillips LV, et al. Diagnostic use of the sentinel node in colon cancer.Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:410–7.
Wood TF, Saha S, Morton DL, et al. Validation of lymphatic mapping in colorectal cancer: in vivo, ex vivo, and laparoscopic techniques.Ann Surg Oncol 2001;8:150–7.
Wong JH, Steineman S, Calderia C, et al. Ex vivo sentinel node mapping in carcinoma of the colon and rectum.Ann Surg 2001; 233:515–21.
Kitagawa Y, Ohgami M, Fujii H, et al. Laparoscopic detection of sentinel lymph nodes in gastrointestinal cancer: a novel and minimally invasive approach.Ann Surg Oncol 2001;8:86–9S.
Bilchik AJ, Saha S, Wiese D, et al. Molecular staging of early colon cancer on the basis of sentinel node analysis: a multicenter phase II trial.J Clin Oncol 2001;19:1128–36.
Saha S, Bilchik A, Wiese D, et al. Ultrastaging of colorectal cancer by sentinel lymph node mapping technique—a multicenter trial.Ann Surg Oncol 2001;8:94–8S.
Bendavid Y, Latulippe JF, Younan RJ, et al. Phase I study on sentinel lymph node mapping in colon cancer: a preliminary report.J Surg Oncol 2002;79:81–4.
Evangelista W, Satolli M, Malossi A, et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer: A feasibility study.Tumori 2002; 88:37–40.
Paramo JC, Summerall J, Poppiti R, et al. Validation of sentinel node mapping in patients with colon cancer.Ann Surg Oncol 2002;9:550–4.
Yoshida K, Itabashi M, Kameoka S. Detection of sentinel lymph nodes of colon cancer using a dye method and its practical applications.Proceedings of the 3rd International Sentinel Lymph Node Congress 2002;60:168.
Dan A, Saha S, Weise D, et al. Comparative analysis of Lymphazurin 1% vs. Fluorescein 10% in sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping for colorectal (CR) tumors.Proceedings of the 3rd International Sentinel Lymph Node Congress 2002;5:167.
Kane JM III, Kahlenberg MS, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, et al. Intraoperative hepatic lymphatic mapping in patients with liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma.Am Surg 2002;68:745–50.
Bilchik AJ, Saha S, Tsioulias GJ, et al. Aberrant drainage and missed micrometastases: the value of lymphatic mapping and focused analysis of sentinel lymph nodes in gastrointestinal neoplasms.Ann Surg Oncol 2001;8:82–5S.
Kitagawa Y, Fujii H, Mukai M, et al. Current Status and Future Perspectives of Sentinel Node Navigation for Gastrointestinal Cancer.Proceedings of the 3rd International Sentinel Lymph Node Congress 2002;2:136.
Aikou T, Higashi H, Natsugoe S, et al. Can sentinel node navigation surgery reduce the extent of lymph node dissection in gastric cancer?Ann Surg Oncol 2001;8:90–3S.
Greenson JK, Isenhart CE, Rice R, et al. Identification of occult micrometastases in pericolic lymph nodes of Duke's B colorectal cancer patients using monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratin and CC49. Correlation with long-term survival.Cancer 1994;73: 563–9.
Rosenberg R, Hoos A, Mueller J, et al. Prognostic significance of cytokeratin-20 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in lymph nodes of node-negative colorectal cancer patients.J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1049–55.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saha, S., Dan, A.G., Bilchik, A.J. et al. Historical review of lymphatic mapping in gastrointestinal malignancies. Annals of Surgical Oncology 11 (Suppl 3), 245S–249S (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02523638
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02523638