Abstract
Dihydro-vitamin K1 was recently identified as a dietary form of vitamin K produced during the hydrogenation of vitamin K1-rich vegetable oils. Dihydro-vitamin K1 is absorbed, with measurable levels in human plasma following dietary intake. To determine the primary food sources of dihydro-vitamin K1 in the American diet, 261 foods from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Total Diet Study (TDS) were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Of these foods, 36 contained dihydro-vitamin K1. Fast-food items that were otherwise poor sources of vitamin K1, such as french fries and fried chicken, contained appreciable amounts of dihydro-vitamin K1 (36 and 18 μg/100 g, respectively). These nutrient values were then applied to the FDA TDS consumption model to determine average dietary intake of dihydro-vitamin K1 in 14 age-gender groups. With the exception of infants, all age-gender groups had estimated mean daily dihydro-vitamin K1 intakes of 12–24 μg, compared to mean daily vitamin K1 intakes of 24–86 μg. The vitamin K1 and dihydro-vitamin K1 intakes were summed, and the dietary contribution of dihydro-vitamin K1 was expressed as a percentage of total vitamin K intake. Children reported the highest intakes of dihydro-vitamin K1 (30% of total vitamin K intake), followed by a progressive decrease in percentage contribution with age. There are currently no data on the relative bioavailability of dihydro-vitamin K1 but, given its abundance in the American diet, this hydrogenated form of vitamin K warrants further investigation.
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Abbreviations
- FDA:
-
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- HPLC:
-
high-performance liquid chromatography
- K1(25)' :
-
2-methyl-3-(3,7,11,15,19-pentamethyl-2-eicosenyl)-1,4-napthalenedione;
- NFCS:
-
Nationwide Food Consumption Survey
- RDA:
-
Recommended Dietary Allowance
- SPE:
-
solid-phase extraction
- TDS:
-
Total Diet Study
- USDA:
-
United States Department of Agriculture
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Booth, S.L., Pennington, J.A.T. & Sadowski, J.A. Dihydro-vitamin K1: Primary food sources and estimated dietary intakes in the American diet. Lipids 31, 715–720 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02522887
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02522887