Why does onlyAthalia Japonica enter summer diapause among three sympatricAthalia sawflies feeding on crucifers?

Summary

This report assesses the primary factor for the evolution of summer diapause of the three species of sawfly,Athalia japonica, A. rosae andA. infumata that feed on cruciferous plants and coexist in the same area.A. japonica has two discrete spring and autumn generations, butA. rosae andA. infumata 5–6 generations. OnlyA. japonica enters summer diapause in response to the long daylengths in spring. Although these three sawflies usually feed on the same cultivated crucifers, they differ markedly in the utilization of wild crucifers. They oviposit only on young leaves.A. japonica mainly usesCardamine plants which sprout in spring and autumn.A. rosae andA. infumata primarily use hosts with new leaves all the year round, i.e. cultivated crucifers andRorippa indica, respectively. The thermal threshold for development is lower inA. japonica than in the other two species. The low heat tolerance ofA. japonica is adapted only to cool shady habitats whereCardamine grows. Presumably, summer diapause ofA. japonica is adaptation to the deterioration of the primary host plants rather than unfavorable climatic conditions. This interpretation is supported by the movement patterns of the threeAthalia sawflies, alternative means to escape from deteriorated habitat conditions.