Abstract
Evidence from morphology and anatomy (including embryology), as well as from palynology, chemistry and cytology, indicates thatHydrastis is quite divergent from Ranunculaceae (in which the genus has been most often included) as well as from both Glaucidiaceae and Berberidaceae. Distinctive features ofHydrastis, which demarcate it from Ranunculaceae but which are sometimes shared by Berberidaceae, are: the unique mode of origin of the vascular supply to stamens and carpels; the micropyle being formed by both integuments; the xylem not V-shaped in cross section; scalariform vessel perforations present; haploid chromosome number 13; pollen tectum consisting of a compound layer of striae; leaf mesophyll not differentiated; the unique course of stem medullary bundles; D-galactose present. Its distinctive higher haploid chromosome number, as well as its many less-specialized character states (in floral structure, leaf anatomy, and xylem and vessel morphology), suggest thatHydrastis is a relictual primitive group which diverged early from a common ancestral stock of Ranunculaceae, Berberidaceae and probably of Circaeasteraceae; at least some of the features shared byHydrastis and one or another of the families concerned seem to be a heritage from their common ancestor. We propose a reestablishment of a monotypic family, Hydrastidaceae.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baillon, H. 1867. Historie des Plantes. Vol. I. Paris.
Bentham, G. and J.D. Hooker. 1862. Genera Plantarum. Vol. I. London.
Blaque, G. andJ. Maheu. 1926. Les falsifications actuelles de l'Hydrastis canadensis. Bull. Sci. Pharmacol.33: 375–384.
Bouman, F. andJ.I.M. Calis. 1977. Integumentary shifting—a third way to unitegmy. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges.90: 15–28.
Bowers, H. 1891. A contribution to the life-history ofHydrastis canadensis. Bot. Gaz. (Craw-fordsville)16: 73–82.
Brouland, M. 1935. Recherches sur l'anatomie florale des Renonculacées. Botaniste27: 1–252.
Buchheim, G. 1964. Reihe Ranunculales.In: H. Melchior, ed., A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, 12, Aufl.2: 131–147. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin.
Chapman, M. 1936. Carpel anatomy of the Berberidaceae. Amer. J. Bot.23: 340–348.
Chute, M. 1930. The morphology and anatomy of the achene. Amer. J. Bot.17: 703–723.
Cronquist, A. 1968. The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. Nelson, London.
— 1981. An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia Univ. Press, New York.
Davis, G.L. 1966. Systematic Embryology of the Angiosperms. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
De Candolle, A.P. 1824. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis. Paris.
Delpino, F. 1899. Rapporti tra la evoluzione e la distribuzione geographica della Ranunculaceae. Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Inst. Bologna8: 17–66.
Eames, A.J. 1961. Morphology of the Angiosperms. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Engler, A. 1903. Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. 3 Aufl. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin.
— andL. Diels. 1936. Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Il Aufl. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin.
Francini, E. 1931. Lo sviluppo del sistema conduttore in plantule diHydrastis canadensis L. Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital.38: 336–357.
Gray, A. 1848. The Genera of the Plants of the United States. Boston.
Guédès, M. 1977. Le gynécée dePodophyllum (Berbéridacées): monomérie vraie et placentation suturale de la portion congénitalement close du carpelle. Compt. Rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci.285: 755–758.
Heintz, A. 1927. Cormofyternas Fylogeni. Lund.
Himmelbaur, W. 1913. Die Berberidaceen und ihre Stellung im System. Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl.89: 733–796.
Holm, T. 1899.Podophyllum peltatum, a morphological study. Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville)27: 419–433.
— 1913. Medical plants of North America: 75.Hydrastis canadensis. Merck's Rep.22: 202–204.
Hus, H. 1907. The germination ofHydrastis canadensis. Ann. Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard.18: 85–94.
Iriki, Y. andH. Minamisawa. 1983. D-galactose and a ribitol-like substance inHydrastis canadensis L. Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi57: 319–321.
Janchen, B. 1948. Die Systematische Gliederung der Ranunculaceen und Berberidaceen. Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl.108: 1–82.
Jensen, U. 1968. Serologische Beiträge zur Systematik der Ranunculaceen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst.88: 269–310.
Jussieu, A.L. De. 1789. Genera Plantarum. Paris.
Kaplan, D.R. 1975. Comparative developmental evaluation of the morphology of unifacial leaves in the monocotyledons. Bot. Jahrb. Syst.95: 1–105.
Kaute, U. 1963. Beiträge zur Morphologie des Gynoeceums der Berberidaceen mit einem Anhang über die Rhizomknospe vonPlagiorhegma dubium. Doktordissertation, Universität Berlin.
Kumazawa, M. 1930a. Studies on the structure of Japanese species ofRanunculus. J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot.2: 297–343.
— 1930b. Morphology and biology ofGlaucidium palmatum Sieb. et Zucc. with notes of affinities to the allied generaHydrastis, Podophyllum andDiphylleia. J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot.2: 345–380.
— 1930c. Structure and affinities ofGlaucidium and its allied genera. Bot. Mag. Tokyo44: 479–490 (in Japanese).
— 1932. The medullary bundle system in the Ranunculaceae and allied plants. Bot. Mag. Tokyo46: 327–332 (in Japanese with English summary).
— 1935. The structure and affinities ofPaeonia. Bot. Mag. Tokyo49: 306–315 (in Japanese).
— 1936. Pollen grain morphology in Ranunculaceae, Lardizabalaceae and Berberidaceae. Jap. J. Bot.8: 19–46, 5 plates.
— 1937a. Comparative studies on the vernation in the Ranunculaceae and Berberidaceae. J. Jap. Bot.13: 573–586, 659–669, 713–726 (in Japanese with English summary).
— 1973b.Ranzania japonica (Berberidac.). Its morphology, biology and systematic affinities. Jap. J. Bot.9: 55–70.
— 1938a. On the ovular structure in the Ranunculaceae and Berberidaceae. J. Jap. Bot.14: 10–25.
— 1938b. Systematic and phylogenetic consideration of the Ranunculaceae and Berberidaceae. Bot. Mag. Tokyo52: 9–15.
Kurita, M. 1967. Chromosome studies in Ranunculaceae. XXV. Mem. Ehime Univ., Sect. 2, Nat. Sci.5: 165–169.
Langlet, O. 1928. Einige Beobachtungen über die Zytologie der Berberidazeen. Svensk Bot. Tidskr.22: 169–184.
Leinfellner, W. 1957. Zur Morphologie des Gynoezeums vonBerberis. Oesterr. Bot. Z.103: 600–612.
Lemesle, R. 1948. Position phylogénétique de l'Hydrastis canadensis L. et duCrossosoma californicum Nutt., d'après les particularités histologiques du xylème. Compt. Rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci.227: 221–223.
— 1950. L'Hydrastis canadensis L. et ses principales falsifications. Rev. Gén. Bot.57: 5–23.
— 1955. Contribution a l'etude de quelques familles de dicotyledones considerees comme primitives. Phytomorphology5: 11–45.
Lindley, J. 1831. An Introduction to the Natural system of Botany. C. & C. & H. Carvill, New York.
Linnaus, C. 1759. Systema Naturae. 10 ed. Stockholm.
Lloyd, J.U. andC.G. Lloyd. 1884/85. Drugs and Medicines of North America. Robert Clarke Co., Cincinnati.
Lotsy, J.P. 1911. Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte. Jena.
Marié, P. 1885. Recherches sur la structure des Renonculacées. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot.20: 5–180.
Maue, G. 1926. Zur Pharmakognosie der Ranunculaceen und Berberidaceen. Anatomie des Laubblattes. Doktordissertation, Universität Basel.
Mauritzon, J. 1936. Zur Embryologie der Berberidaceen. Acta Horti Gothob.11: 1–17.
Metcalfe, C.R. andL. Chalk. 1950. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Miyaji, Y. 1930. Beiträge zur Chromosomenphylogenie der Berberidaceen. Planta11: 650–659.
Nowicke, J.W. andJ.J. Skvarla. 1981. Pollen morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the Berberidaceae. Smithsonian Contri. Bot.50: 1–83.
. 1982. Pollen morphology and the relationships ofCircaeaster, ofKingdonia and, ofSargentodoxa to the Ranunculales. Amer. J. Bot.69: 990–998.
Pohl, J. 1894. Botanische Mitteilung überHydrastis canadensis. Biblioth. Bot.29: 1–12.
Prantl, K. 1888. Beiträge zur Morphologie und Systematik der Ranunculaceen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst.9: 225–273.
Sastri, R.L.N. 1969. Floral morphology, embryology, and relationships of the Berberidaceae. Aust. J. Bot.17: 69–79.
Schumann, K. 1897. Die Morphologie einiger Drogen. Arch. Pharm. (Berlin)235: 592–619.
Stearn, W.T. 1973. Botanical Latin. 2 ed. David & Charles, Newton Abbot.
Takhtajan, A. 1966. A System and Phylogeny of the Flowering Plants. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian).
— 1980. Outline of the classification of flowering plants (Magnoliophyta). Bot. Rev. (Lancaster)46: 225–539.
Tamura, M. 1962a. Petiolar anatomy in the Ranunculaceae. Sci. Rep. S. Coll. N. Coll. Osaka Univ.11: 19–47.
— 1962b. Morphology, ecology and phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae. I. Sci. Rep. S. Coll. N. Coll. Osaka Univ.11: 115–126.
— 1962c. Taxonomical and phylogenetical consideration of the Ranunculaceae. Acta Phytotax. Geobot.20: 71–81 (in Japanese).
— 1963. Morphology, ecology and phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae. II. Sci. Rep. S. Coll. N. Coll. Osaka Univ.12: 141–156.
— 1964. Morphology, ecology and phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae. III. Sci. Rep. S. Coll. N. Coll. Osaka Univ.13: 25–38.
— 1965. Morphology, ecology and phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae. IV. Sci. Rep. S. Coll. N. Coll. Osaka Univ.14: 53–71.
— 1966. Morphology, ecology and phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae. VI. Sci. Rep. S. Coll. N. Coll. Osaka Univ.15: 13–35.
— 1972. Morphology and phyletic relationship of the Glaucidiaceae. Bot. Mag. Tokyo85: 29–41.
— andY. Mizumoto. 1972. Stages of embryo development in ripe seeds of achenes of the Ranunculaceae. J. Jap. Bot.47: 225–236.
Terabayashi, S. 1977. Studies in the morphology and systematics of Berberidaceae. I. Floral anatomy ofRanzania japonica. Acta Phytotax. Geobot.28: 45–57.
— 1978. Studies in the morphology and systematics of Berberidaceae. II. Floral anatomy ofMahonia japonica (Thunb.) DC. andBerberis thunbergii DC. Acta Phytotax. Geobot.30: 153–168.
— 1979. Studies in the morphology and systematics of Berberidaceae. III. Floral anatomy ofEpimedium grandiflorum Morren subsp.sempervirens (Nakai) Kitamura andVancouveria hexandra (Hooker) Morren et Decne. Acta Phytotax. Geobot.30: 153–168.
— 1981. Studies in the morphology and systematics of Berberidaceae. IV. Floral anatomy ofPlagiorhegma dubia Maxim.,Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. andAchlys triphylla (Smith) DC. subsp.japonica (Maxim.) Kitam. Bot. Mag. Tokyo94: 141–158.
— 1983a. Studies in the morphology and systematics of berberidaceae. V. Floral anatomy ofCaulophyllum, Leontice, Gymnospermium andBongardia. Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyoto Univ., Ser. Biol.8: 197–217.
— 1983b. Studies in the morphology and systematics of Berberidaceae. VI. Floral anatomy ofDiphylleia, Podophyllum andDysosma. Acta Phytotax. Geobot.34: 27–47.
Thorne, R.F. 1974. A phylogenetic classification of the Annoniflorae. Aliso8: 147–209.
— 1976. A phylogenetic classification of the angiosperms. Evol. Biol.9: 35–106.
Tischler, G. 1902. Die Berberidaceen und Podophyllaceen. Versuch einer morphologisch-biologischen Monographie. Bot. Jahrb. Syst.31: 596–727.
Tobe, H. 1980. Morphological studies on the genusClematis Linn., VI. Vascular anatomy of the androecial and gynoecial regions of the floral receptacle. Bot. Mag. Tokyo93: 125–133.
— 1981. Embryological studies inGlaucidium palmatum Sieb. et Zucc. with a discussion on the taxonomy of the genus. Bot. Mag. Tokyo94: 207–224.
Vijayaraghavan, M.R. 1970. Ranunculaceae. Bull. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad.41: 45–52.
Wettstein, R. 1910/11. Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik. 2. Aufl. Wien-Leibzig.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tobe, H., Keating, R.C. The morphology and anatomy ofHydrastis (Ranunculales): Systematic reevaluation of the genus. Bot Mag Tokyo 98, 291–316 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02488779
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02488779