Skip to main content
Log in

Cytodifferentiation in isolated single cells

  • Invited Article
  • Published:
The botanical magazine = Shokubutsu-gaku-zasshi Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Isolated mesophyll cells ofZinnia elegans synchronously differentiate to tracheary elements at a high frequency when cultured in a liquid medium containing naphth-aleneacetic acid and benzyladenine. An experimental system with the isolatedZinnia mesophyll cells has been extensively used as an efficient model system for the study of cytodifferentiation in higher plants, providing many valuable results on cytodifferentiation. In this review, I introduce the results obtained with theZinnia system and discuss the induction and the sequence of differentiation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

MT (s):

microtubule (s)

TE(s):

tracheary element (s)

References

  • Burgess, J. andP. Linstead. 1984. In-vitro tracheary element formation: structural studies and the effect of tri-iodobenzoic acid. Planta160: 481–489.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Church, D.L. andA.W. Galston. 1988a. Kinetics of determination in the differentiation of isolated mesophyll cells ofZinnia elegans to tracheary elements. Plant Physiol.88: 92–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1988b. Hormonal induction and antihormonal inhibition of tracheary element differentiation inZinnia cell cultures. Phytochemistry27: 2435–2439.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1988c. 4-Coumarate: coenzyme A ligase and isoperoxidase expression inZinnia mesopyll cells induced to differentiation into tracheary elements. Plant Physiol.88: 679–684.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1989. Hormonal induction of vascular differentiation in culturedZinnia leaf disks. Plant Cell Physiol.30: 73–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dodds, J.H.. 1980. The effect of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and colchicine on tracheary element differentiation isolated mesophyll cells ofZinnia elegans L. Z. Pflanzenphysiol.99: 283–285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falconer, M.M. andR.W. Seagull. 1985a. Immunofluorescent and Calcofluor white staining of developing tracheary elements inZinnia elegans L. suspension cultures. Protoplasma125: 190–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1985b. Xylogenesis in tissue culture: Taxol effects on microtubule reorientation and lateral association in differentiating cells. Protoplasma128: 157–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1986. Xylogenesis in tissue culture II: Microtubules, cell shape and secondary wall patterns. Protoplasma133: 140–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1988. Xylogenesis in tissue culture III: Continuing wall deposition during tracheary element development. Protoplasma144: 10–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda, H.. 1987. A change in tubulin synthesis in the process of tracheary element differentiation and cell division of isolatedZinnia mesophyll cells. Plant Cell Physiol.28: 517–528.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1989. Regulation of tubulin degradation in isolatedZinnia mesophyll cells in culture. Plant Cell Physiol.30: 243–252.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — andN. Iwata. 1986. Establishment of a sensitized immunoblotting method for measuring plant tubulin content Plant Cell Physiol.27: 273–283.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — andH. Kobayashi. 1989 Dynamic organization of the cytoskeleton during tracheary-element differentiation. Develop., Growth and Differ.,31: 9–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — andA. Komamine. 1980a. Establishment of an experimental system for the tracheary element differentiation from single cells isolated from the mesophyll ofZinnia elegans. Plant Physiol.65: 57–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1980b. Direct evidence for cytodifferentiation to tracheary elements without intervening mitosis in a culture of single cells isolated from the mesophyll ofZinnia elegans. Plant Physiol.65: 61–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1981a. Relationship between tracheary element differentiation and the cell cycle in single cells isolated from the mesophyll ofZinnia elegans. Physiol. Plant.52: 423–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1981b. Relationship between tracheary element differentiation and DNA synthesis in single cells isolated from the mesophyll ofZinnia elegans.—Analysis by inhibitors of DNA synthesis. Plant Cell Physiol.22: 41–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1982. Lignin synthesis and its related enzymes as markers of tracheary-element differentiation in single cells isolated from the mesophyll ofZinnia elegans. Planta155: 423–430.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1983. Changes in the synthesis of RNA and protein during tracheary element differentiation in single cells isolated from the mesophyll ofZinnia elegans. Plant Cell Physiol.24: 603–614.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1985. Cytodifferentiation.In. I.K. Vasil, ed., Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants vol. 2, pp. 149–212. Academic Press, Orlando.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haddon, L.E. andD.H. Northcote. 1976. Correlation of the induction of various enzymes concerned with phenylpropanoid and lignin synthesis during differentiation of bean callus (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Planta128: 255–262.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahlblock, K. andH. Grisebach. 1979. Enzymatic controls in the biosynthesis of lignin and flavonoids. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol.30: 105–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haigler, C.H. andR.M. Brown, Jr.. 1986. Transport of rosettes from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane in isolated mesophyll cells ofZinnia elegans during differentiation to tracheary elements in suspension culture. Protoplasma134: 111–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hepler, P.K. 1981. Morphogenesis of tracheary elements and guard cells.In O. Kiermayer, ed., Cytomorphogenesis in Plants. pp. 327–347. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • —,R.M. Rice andW.A. Terranova. 1972. Cytochemical localization of peroxidase activity in wound vessel members ofColeus. Can. J. Bot.50: 977–983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingold, E., M. Sugiyama andA. Komamine. 1988. Secondary cell wall formation: Changes in cell wall constituents during the differentiation of isolated mesophyll cells ofZinnia elegans to tracheary elements. Plant Cell Physiol.29: 295–303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwasaki, T., H. Fukuda andH. Shibaoka. 1986. Inhibition of cell division and DNA synthesis by gibberellin in isolatedZinnia mesophyll cells. Plant Cell Physiol.27: 717–724.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1988. Relationship between DNA synthesis and the increase in the level of tubulin during dedifferentiation of isolatedZinnia mesophyll cells. Protoplasma143: 130–138.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffs, R.A. andD.H. Northcote. 1966. Experimental induction of vascular tissue in an undifferentiated plant callus. Biochem. J.101: 146–152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, H., H. Fukuda andH. Shibaoka. 1987. Reorganization of actin filaments associated with the differentiation of tracheary elements inZinnia mesophyll cells. Protoplasma138: 69–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1988. Interrelationship between the spatial disposition of actin filaments and microtubules during the differentiation of tracheary elements in culturedZinnia cells. Protoplasma143: 29–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohlenbach, H.W. andB. Schmidt. 1975. Cytodifferezierung in Form einer direkten Umwandlung isolierter Mesophyllzellen zu Tracheiden. Z. Pflanzenphysiol.75: 369–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • — andC. Schöpke. 1981. Cytodifferentiation to tracheary elements from isolated mesophyll protoplasts ofZinnia elegans. Naturwissenschaften68: 576–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuboi, T. andY. Yamada. 1978. Regulation of the enzyme activities related to lignin synthesis in cell aggregates of tobacco cell culture. Biochim. Biophys. Acta542: 181–190.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mäder, M., J. Ungemach andP. Schloss. 1980. The role of peroxidase isoenzyme groups ofNicotiana tabacum in hydrogen peroxide formation. Planta147: 467–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masuda, H., H. Fukuda andA. Komamine 1983. Changes in peroxidase isoenzyme patterns during tracheary element differentiation in a culture of single cells isolated from the mesophyll ofZinnia elegans. Z. Pflanzenphysiol.112: 417–426.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, A.R. andL.W. Roberts. 1984. Ethylene biosynthesis and xylogenesis inLactuca pith explants culturedin vitro in the presence of auxin and cytokinin: The effect of ethylene precursors and inhibitors. J. Exp. Bot.35: 691–698.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —,W.L. Pengelly andL.W. Roberts. 1984. Introduction of xylem differentiation inLactuca by ethylene. Plant Physiol.75: 1165–1166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno, K. andA. Komamine. 1978. Isolation and identification of substances inducing formation of tracheary elements in cultured carrot-root slices. Planta138: 59–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —— andM. Shimokoriyama. 1971. Vessel element formation in cultured carrot-root phloem. Plant Cell Physiol.12: 823–830.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, R. 1980. Cytodifferentiation. Int. Rev. Cytol. Suppl.11A: 55–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, L.W. 1976. Cytodifferentiation in Plants: Xylogenesis as a Model System. Cambridge Univ. Press, London and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • — andA.R. Miller. 1982. Ethylene and xylem differentiation. What's New in Plant Physiol.13: 13–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugiyama, M., H. Fukuda andA. Komamine. 1986. Effects of nutrient limitation and γ-irradiation on tracheary element differentiation and cell division in single mesophyll cells ofZinnia elegans. Plant Cell Physiol.27: 601–606.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — andA. Komamine 1987a. Effect of inhibitors of ADP-ribosyltransferase on the differentiation of tracheary elements from isolated mesophyll cells ofZinnia elegans. Plant Cell Physiol.28: 541–544.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1987b. Relationship between DNA synthesis and cytodifferentiation to tracheary elements. Oxford Surveys of Plant Molecular and Cell Biology4: 343–346.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torrey, J.G.. 1975. Tracheary element formation from single isolated cells in culture. Physiol. Plant.35: 158–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —,D.E. Fosket andP.K. Hepler. 1971. Xylem formation: A paradigm of cytodifferentiation in higher plants. Am. Sci.59: 338–352.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Recipient of the Botanical Society Award for Young Scientists, 1987.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fukuda, H. Cytodifferentiation in isolated single cells. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 102, 491–501 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02488130

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02488130

Key words

Navigation