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Accelerated leaching of ultra high performance concretes by application of electrical fields to simulate their natural degradation

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Abstract

When an electrical field is applied to a cementitious material, the ions of its pore solution move to the cathodic and anodic electrodes. As a consequence, an acceleration of the leaching degradation process may cause the dissolution of the solid phases. Several researchchers have applied this kind of method to the study of the leaching of cementitious materials, but mainly on cement paste. The study of leaching in concretes by this method is more difficult as, on the one hand, the high resistivity of these materials implies a quite low intensity passing through the concrete even at high voltage applied and characterisation of the degraded zones is doubtful. In this paper, electrical fields are applied to determine the ability of these methods to characterise and classify ultra high performance concretes (UHPC). Three different mixes of UHPC have been submitted to a migration test in galvanostatic conditions, using granitic water as electrolyte, and analysing the resulting electrolytes and the solid sample by different techniques. As a reference, the results have been compared with those obtained by following the standard ANSI/ANS-16.1-1986 “Measurement of the leachability of solidified low-level radioactive wastes by a short term procedure”. From this research, it could be deduced that the migration method accelerates very much the leaching process and gives a longer-term classification of different mixes of concretes against the degradation by natural water. The research presented in this paper has been carried out as part of the research project named “UNICORN”, supported by the Basic BRITE-EURAM Program of the EU.

Résumé

Lorsque un champ électrique est appliqué à un matériel cimentaire, les ions de la solution qui se trouvent dans les pores se déplacent vers les cathodes et les anodes en provoquant une accélération des processus de dégradation par lixiviation. Plusieurs chercheurs ont appliqué ce type de méthode à l’étude de la lixiviation dans les matériaux cimentaires, mais surtout à la pâte de ciment. L’étude de la lixiviation dans les bétons en utilisant cette méthode est assez difficile, car d’une part, la grande résistivité de ces matériaux implique une faible intensité traversant le béton, même en appliquant des voltages élevés, et la caractérisation des zones dégradées est incertaine. Dans cet article, les champs électriques sont appliqués afin de déterminer la capacité pour cette méthode de caractériser et classifier les bétons d’ultra-haute performance (UHPC). Trois mélanges différents de UHPC ont été soumis à des essais de migration dans des conditions galvanostatiques, en utilisant de l’eau granitique comme électrolyte, et en analysant les électrolytes en résultant et les échantillons solides par diverses techniques. Comme référence, les résultats ont été comparés avec ceux obtenus selon la norme ANSI/ANS-16.1-1989. De cette étude, on pourrait déduire que la méthode de migration accèlère beaucoup les processus de lixiviation et donne à long terme une classification des différents mélanges de bétons en fonction de la dégradation par l’eau naturelle. La recherche présentée dans cet article fait partie d’un projet de recherche nommé UNICORN, et est supporté par le programme basique BRITE-EURAM de l’Union Européenne.

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Editorial Note Dr. Maria Cruz Alonso is a RILEM Senior Member and participates in the work of RILEM TC 178-TMC: ‘Testing and modelling chloride penetration in concrete’. Dr. Carmen Andrade is the President of RILEM and a RILEM Fellow. She is the Chairlady of RILEM TC 178-TMC. She also participates in RILEM TCs 185-ATC ‘Advanced testing of cement-based materials during setting and hardening’ and NEC ‘Non-destructive evaluation of the ‘covercrete’ (concrete cover)’. Dr. Castellote is a member of RILEM TC 178-TMC. The IETcc (CSIC) is a RILEM titular Member.

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Castellote, M., Llorente, I., Andrade, C. et al. Accelerated leaching of ultra high performance concretes by application of electrical fields to simulate their natural degradation. Mat. Struct. 36, 81–90 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02479521

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