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The directivities of some ultrasonic Doppler probes

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Abstract

The applications of ultrasonic Doppler techniques in medical diagnosis are reviewed. The directivities of ultrasonic probes may be measured by observation of the echo amplitudes from various target configurations, and with long ultrasonic pulses. Instrumentation operating at a frequency of 2 MHz is described. Measurements of the directivities of several transducer arrangements for both spherical and flat targets are presented, and some of the results are compared with theoretical predictions. The directivity of the probe depends upon its construction. In general, with separate transmitting and receiving transducers, there is a region of maximum central axial sensitivity (in water) which is closer to the array than the cross-over point of the beams. It is pointed out that absorption in biological materials modifies the effective distribution in clinical practice. Off-axis measurements, and the effects of target angulation, are presented in selected cases. Methods based on Schlieren observations and the use of moving targets for beam plotting are also discussed.

Sommaire

Les applications de la technique Doppler ultrasonore dans la diagnose médicale sont passées en revue. On peut mesurer les directivités des sondes ultrasonores en observant les amplitudes d'écho de différentes configurations de la cible, produites par de longues impulsions ultrasonores. Les instruments opérant aux fréquences correspondantes à plusieurs déploiements divers des capteurs pour les cibles sphériques et plates sont décrits et quelques résultats sont comparés aux prédictions théoriques. La directivité d'une sonde est une fonction de sa construction. En général, quand les transmetteurs et les capteurs sont séparés, une région existe dont la sensibilité axiale au centre est maximum (dans l'eau) et cette région est plus prochaine au déploiement des capteurs qu'au point où les faisceaux se croisent. On souligne que l'absorption par substances biologiques peut modifier la distribution effective en pratique clinique. Les mesures au délà de l'axe et les effets angulaires de la cible sont présentés aux cas particuliers. On discute aussi des méthodes se basant sur des observations des striations et l'emploi des cibles mobiles pour tracer le faisceau.

Zusammenfassung

Die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Ultraschall-Dopplermethoden in der ärztlichen Diagnose werden besprochen. Die Richtwirkung von Ultraschallsonden läßt sich durch Beobachtung der Echoamplituden bei Verwendung verschiedener Zielkonfigurationen und mit Ultraschallimpulsen langer Dauer messen. Anordungen, die mit der Frequenz verschiedener Wandlersysteme für sphärische und flache Ziele arbeiten, werden dargeboten und einige Resultate mit den theoretischen Voraussagen verglichen. Die Richtwirkung der Sond hängt von ihrer Konstruktion ab. Wenn mit getrennten Sende- und Empfangswandlern gearbeitet wird, gibt es im allgemeinen eine Zone maximaler Zentralempfindlichkeit in Axialrichtung (im Wasser), die der Sondenanordnung näher liegt als der Kreuzungspunkt der Strahlen. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, da\ die in biologischen Stoffen Platz greifende Absorption die tatsächliche Verteilung in der klinischen Praxis verfälscht. An Hand ausgewählter Fälle werden achsenentfernte Messungen und der Einflu\ der Zielabwinkelung aufgezeigt. Methoden, die auf Schlieren-Beobachtungen beruhen, sowie die Verwendung beweglicher Ziele zwecks Strahlermittlung werden ebenfalls erörtert.

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Wells, P.N.T. The directivities of some ultrasonic Doppler probes. Med. & biol. Engng. 8, 241–256 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02477241

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