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Terminology, definition and classification of admixtures

Terminologie, définition et classification des adjuvants

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Résumé

L'emploi des adjuvants dans le but de modifier certaines propriétés des mortiers et des bétons est aussi ancien que l'emploi du ciment lui-même. Déjà les Romains utilisaient du sang, de la graisse de porc et du lait comme adjuvants dans leur béton de pouzzolanes, peut-être pour améliorer la consistance du béton frais. Bien que les Romains n'en aient pas eu connaissance, le sang est un agent entraîneur d'air et, de ce fait, il a sans aucun doute contributé à accroître la durabilité du béton romain.

Après la réinvention du ciment et du béton, les adjuvants ont tout d'abord été considérés avec méfiance, sans doute à la suite d'expériences ratées faites avec des adjuvants dontles propriétés n'avaient pas été convenablement essayées et pour lesquelles des dosages erronés ont pu aussi bien jouer un rôle.

La période décisive remonte à environ trente ans lorsqu'on a prouvé de façon définitive que les adjuvants qui faisaient naître des bulles d'air dans le béton augmentaient la résistance au gel de ce béton. Par conséquent, l'air a été admis comme partie essentielle du béton. D'autre part, le critère de densité maximum a donné lieu au développement des fluidifiants et, le premier rapport sur ce type d'adjuvants qui repose sur des bases solides—tout au moins à ma connaissance —a été publié en 1934 [1] par Roš (EMPA, Zürich).

Abstract

The use of admixtures with the idea to modify certain properties of mortars and concretes, is as old as the use of cement itself. Already the Romans used blood, porkfat and milk as admixtures in their pozzolan-concrete, perhaps to increase the consistency of the fresh concrete. Although the Romans probably did not know this, blood is an AE agent and therefore it undoubtedly has helped to increase the durability of the Roman concrete.

After the renewed invention of cement and concrete, admixtures in first instance were considered with suspicion, probably by unfavourable experiences with admixtures which were not tested well on their merites, and for which incorrect dosages played a part as well.

The turning-point came about 30 years ago, when it was shown conclusively that admixtures which gave rise to air bubbles in concrete, led to an increased frost resistance. Consequently, air was accepted as an essential part of concrete. On the other hand, the criterion of maximum density gave rise to the development of fluidifiers and the first well-founded report on this type of admixture —as far as the author knows—was published in 1934 [1] by Rôs (EMPA, Zürich).

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References

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  1. Institute TNO for Building Materials and Bulding Structures, Rijswijk (Z. H.), Netherlands

    P. C. Kreijger (Deputy-director)

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  1. P. C. Kreijger
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Kreijger, P.C. Terminology, definition and classification of admixtures. Matériaux et Constructions 1, 79–89 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02473596

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