Abstract
The extensive, but fragmented research on recycled concrete aggregates and recycled aggregate concrete, which has been carried out in various parts of the world from 1945 to 1985, has been collated to form a comprehensive state-of-the-art document.
A thorough analysis of the data has been made, leading to a guide to the production and evaluation of recycled concrete aggregates as well as the design, production, and use of recycled aggregate concrete.
The present document will be followed up by another state-of-the-art report on recycled aggregate concrete produced with mixed demolition rubble as recycled aggregate. The second document is also being prepared RILEM TC-37-DRC and will be published in this journal at a later date (53).
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature references
E.R.L.—Demolition waste—an examination of the arisings, end-uses and disposal of demolition wastes in Europe and the potential for further recovery of material from these wastes. report prepared for the Commission of the European Communities, DG-12. environmental resources limited, London, april 1979. the Construction Press, Lancaster, London, 1980.
Wilson D. G., Foley P., Wiesman R. Frondistou-Yannas S. —Demolition debris: quantities, composition and possibilities for recycling, Proceedings, 5th mineral waste utilization symposium, Chicago, april 1976.Aleshin E. Ed., U S bureau of mines, Chicago, Illinois, 1976.
Wilson D. G., Davidson T. A., Ng, H.T.S.—Demolition wastes: data collection and separation studies. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of mechanical engineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1979.
Mukai T.,et al.—Study on reuse of waste concrete for aggregate of concrete. Paper presented at a seminar on “energy and resources conservation in concrete technology”, Japan-US cooperative science programme, San Francisco, 1979.
Nixon P. J.—Recycled concrete as an aggregate for concrete—a reviw. First state-of-the-art report RILEM TC-37-DRC. Materials and Structures (RILEM), no. 65, september–october 1978, pp. 371–378.
BCSJ.—Proposed standard for the “use of recycled aggregate and recycled aggregate concrete”. Building Contractors Society of Japan. committee on disposal and reuse of construction waste. may 1977 (english version published in june 1981)
FHWA.—Proceedings of the National Seminar on PCC pavement recycling and rehabilitation, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 27–30 september 1981. Federal Highway Administration report FHWA-TS-82-208. (a)Dierkes J. H.—Urban recyling of portland cement concrete pavement-edens expressway, Chicago, Illinois, ibid. ref. [7] FAWH.— Proceedings of the National Seminar on PCC pavement recycling and rehabilitation, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 27–30 september 1981. Federal Highway Administration report FHWA-TS-82-208. pp. 172–176; (b)Krueger O.—Edens expressway pavement recycling—urban pavement breakup, removal and processing, ibid., ref. [7], FHWA.—Proceedings of the National Seminar on PCC pavement recycling and rehabilitation, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 27–30 september 1981. Federal Highway Administration report FHWA-TS-82-208, pp. 165–169; (c)Copple F.—Costs and energy considerations, ibid. ref. [7], FHWA.—Proceedings of the National Seminar on PCC pavement recycling and rehabilitation, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 27–30 september 1981. Federal Highway Administration report FHWA-TS-82-208. pp. 134–139; (d)Munro R. R.—Environmental concerns in recycling, ibid. ref. [7], FHWA.—Proceedings of the National Seminar on PCC pavement recycling and rehabilitation, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 27–30 september 1981. Federal Highway Administration report FHWA-TS-82-208. pp. 161–164; (e)Fergus, J.S.—Laboratory investigation and mix proportions for utilizing recycled portland cement concrete as aggregate, ibid. ref. [7], FHWA.– Proceedings of the National Seminar on PCC pavement recycling and rehabilitation, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 27–30 september 1981. Federal Highway Administration report FHWA-TS-82-208. pp. 144–160; (f)Huisman C.L., Britson R.A.—Recycled portland cement concrete—specifications and control, ibid. ref. [7], FHWA.—Proceedings of the National Seminar on PCC pavement recycling and rehabilitation, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 27–30 september 1981. Federal Highway Administration report FHWA-TS-82-208. pp. 140–143; (g)Yrjanson W.A.—Recycling portland cement concrete, ibid. ref. [7], FHWA.—Proceedings of the National Seminar on PCC pavement recycling and rehabilitation, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 27–30 september 1981. Federal Highway Administration report FHWA-TS-82-208. pp. 128–133; (h)Nelson L.A.—rural recycling., ibid. ref. [7], FHWA.—Proceedings of the National Seminar on PCC pavement recycling and rehabilitation, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 27–30 september 1981. Federal Highway Administration report FHWA-TS-82-208. pp. 176–185.
McGee M.—Recycling of reinforced concrete, TDH 4623 Cement and Concrete Association, Wexham Springs, England, 1981.
Anon.—Eentrapsverkleining van Beton, rapport 82-07639 MT TNO, Apeldorn, the Netherlands, 1982.
Pauw, C. de—Kringloopbeton, Wetenschappelijk Teknisch Centrum Bouwbedrijf Brussels, 1980.
CUR.—Granulaat van Betonen Metselwerkpuin als Toeslagsmateriaal van Beton. Commissie voor Uitvoering van Research ingesteld door de Betonvereniging, 1983 (in Dutch).
BCSJ.—Study on recycled aggregate and recycled aggregate concrete, Building Contractors Society of Japan. Committee on disposal and reuse of concrete construction waste. summary in Concrete Journal, Japan, vol. 16, no. 7, july 1978, pp. 18–31 (in Japanese).
Hansen T.C., Narud H.—Strength of recycled concrete made from crushed concrete coarse aggregate. Concrete International—design and construction, vol. 5, no. 1, january 1983, pp. 79–83.
Anon.—Plant design. Pit and quarry handbook 1976–1977 chapter 1, p. A10. Pit and quarry publications, 105 W. Adams street, Chicago, Illinois 60603.
Kawamura M., Toriik K., Takemoto K., Hasaba S.—Properties of recycling concrete made with aggregate obtained from demolished pavement, Journal of the Society of Material Science, Japan, vol. 32, no. 353, february 1983 (in Japanese; abstract, tables, and figures in English).
Hasaba S., Kawamura M., Toriik K., Takemoto K.—Drying shrinkage and durability of the concrete made of recycled concrete aggregate, trans. of the Japan Concrete Institute. vol. 3, 1981, pp. 55–60 (additional information obtained from background report in Japanese.)
Hedegaard S.—Recycling of concrete with additives, M.Sc. thesis, technical report 116/82. Building materials laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, june 1981 (in Danish).
Narud H.—Recycled concrete in low-strength concrete with fly ash, technical report 110/82. Building materials laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, 1982 (in Danish).
Yoshikane T.—Present status of recycling waste cement concrete in Japan. private communication from Touru Yoshikane, Director, Research laboratory, Taiyu Kensetsu co. ltd., Japan.
Ray G.—Recycling portland cement concrete, Paper presented at the 6th National Institute on recycling of pavements, university of Wisconsin-extension, Madison, Wisconsin, 30 april 1982 (updated in 1984).
Peterson C. A.—Survey of parking structure deterioration and distress, Concrete International— design and construction, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 53–61, march 1980.
Bergholt K., Hansen T. C.—Cracking and repair of a reinforced concrete structure following reinforcement corrosion due to chloride contamination of aggregate, Colloquium inter-association (IABSE, FIP, CEB, RILEM, IASS) on “Behavior in service of concrete structures”, Liege, 4–6 june 1975, preliminary report, vol. 2, pp. 807–819.
Hansen T.C., Hedegaard S.E.—Properties of recycled aggregate concretes as affected by admixtures in original concretes. ACI journal, january-february 1984, pp. 21–26.
ACI committee 201.—Guide to durable concrete, (ACI 201.2R-77), ACI journal, december 1977, p. 594.
ENR.—Engineering news record, 20 november 1980, p. 13.
Buck A.D.—Recycled concrete as a source of aggregate. ACI journal, may 1977, pp. 212–219 (1977).
Steinour H.H.—Concrete mix water— how impure can it be? Skokie, III., Journal of the PCA research and development laboratories, september 1960, pp. 32–50.
Wesche K., Schulz R.—Beton aus aufbereitetem Altbeton —Technologie und Eigenschaften, Beton, vol. 32, nos. 2 and 3, february and march, 1982.
Malhotra V.M.—Use of recycled concrete as a new aggregate, proc. of symposium on energy and resource conservation in the cement and concrete industry, CANMET, report no. 76-8, Ottawa, 1978.
Schulz R.R.—Wiederverwendung von altem Beton als Zuschlag fur neuen Beton, VII. internationale Baustoff— und Silikattagung (IBAUSIL). Weimar, 1979.
Schulz R.R.—Das Verformungsverhalten von Betonsplittbeton (Beton aus wiederverwendetem Altbeton). XII Konferenz der Silikatindustrie und Silikatwissenschaft— Siliconf., Budapest, june 1981.
Frondistou-Yannas S.—Waste concrete as aggregate for new concrete, ACI journal, august 1977, pp. 373–376.
Soshiroda T.—Recycled concrete, proc. 9th congress of CIB, Stockholm, 1983.
Pauw C. de—Fragmentation and recycling of reinforced concrete— some research results, chapter 5.3.2, in P. Kreijger: “Adhesion problems in the recycling of concrete”, NATO conference series IV (materials science), plenum press, New York, 1981, pp. 311–317.
Hansen T.C., Boegh E—Elasticity and drying shrinkage of recycled aggregate concretes, ACI journal, september–october 1985.
Mukai T., Kikuchi M., Koizumi H.—Fundamental study on bond properties between recycled aggregate concrete and steel bars, Cement Association of Japan, 32nd review, 1978 (in English).
Mukai T., Kikuchi M., Ishikawa N—Study on the properties of concrete containing recycled concrete aggregate, Cement Association of Japan, 32nd review, 1978 (in english).
Couillat G.—Recyclage des matériaux de démolition dans la confection du béton. CEBTP— service d’étude des matériaux unite: technologie des béton (in French). Marche no. 80-61-248, Saint Remy les Chevreuse, august-september 1982.
Lambotte H., Pauw C. de—The influence of contaminants on the quality and behavior of recycled concrete, in “Adhesion problems in the recycling of concrete”, P. C. Kreijger, NATO conference series IV (materials science), plenum press, New York, 1981, pp. 379–384.
Teychenne D.C., Franklin R.E., Erntroy H.C.—Design of normal concrete mixes, Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, 1975.
Hansen T.C., Narud H.—Recycled concrete and silica fume make calcium silicate bricks. Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 13, no. 5, 1983, pp. 626–630.
Hansen T.C., Narud H.—Recycled concrete and fly ash make calcium silicate bricks, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 13, no. 4, 1983, pp. 626–630.
Buck A.D.— Department of the army, waterways experiment station, corps of engineers, P.O. box 631, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180 (private communication).
Frondistou-Yannas S., Ng H.T.S.—Use of concrete demolition waste as aggregates in areas that have suffered destruction. A feasibility study. report R77-37. Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, november 1977 (NTIS no. PB275888/AS).
Frondistou-Yannas S—Economics of concrete recycling in the United States, in Adhesion problems in the recycling on concrete, P. C. Kreijger ed., NATO conference series, IV (materials science), plenum press, New York, 1981, pp. 163–186.
Buck A.D.—Recycled concrete, Highway research record, no. 430, 1973.
Malhotra V.M.—Use of recycled concrete as a new aggregate, report 76-18, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, Ottawa, Canada, 1976.
Wilson D.G., Foley P., Wiesman R., Frondistou-Yannas S. —Demolition debris: quantities, composition, and possibilities for recycling, proceedings, 5th mineral waste utilization symposium (Chicago, april 1976), Aleshin E. ed.), US Bureau of Mines, Chicago, Illinois, 1976.
Wilson D.G., Davidson T.A., Ng H.T.S.—Demolition wastes: data collection and separation studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of mechanical engineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1979.
Frondistou-Yannas S.T.—Economic feasibility of concrete recycling, Journal of the structural division, ASCE, 103:885 (1977).
Kasai Y.,et al.—Some tests on recycled aggregate concrete, summairies of technical papers of annual meeting, Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ), october 1973 and october 1974 (in Japanese).
Rasheeduzzafar, Khan A.—Recycled concrete— a source of new aggregate, Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates (ASTM), vol. 6, no. 1, 1984, pp. 17–27.
RILEM TC-37-DRC.—Recycled masonry rubble as an aggregate for concrete. RILEM TC-37 DRC State-of-the-Art Report. to be published in Materials and Structures (RILEM), Paris, 1986 or 1987.
Hafemeister D.—Bauschutt-recycling in Berlin (west), proc. 4th international recycling congress, Berlin, 30 october — 1 november 1984, pp. 1009–1013.
Nix H.—Erfahrungen mit einer nassen Bauschutt-Aufbereitungsanlage, Proc. 4th international recycling congress, Berlin, 30 october— 1 november 1984, pp. 1028–1032.
Heimsoth W.—Erfahrungen mit einer trockenen Bauschutt-Aufbereitungsanlage, proc. 4th international recycling congress, Berlin 30 october— 1 november 1984, pp. 1033–1037.
Hendriks C.F.—Wiederverwendung von Strassenaufbruch und Bauschutt in den Niederlanden, proc. 4th international recycling congress, Berlin, 30 october— 1 november 1984, pp. 972–977.
Hurd K.—Pavement rehabilitation with portland cement concrete. Concrete Construction, vol. 30, no. 5, may 1985, pp. 413–423.
Chase G.W., Lane J.—Rehabilitation of a portion of interstate 35 with pavement inlay using recycled concrete for sub-base. Third international conference on concrete pavement design and rehabilitation, 23–25 april 1985, Purdue University, West Lafavette, Indiana 47907, USA.
Samarai M.A.—The disintegration of concrete containing sulphate-contaminated aggregates. Magazine of concrete research, vol. 28, no. 96, 1976. pp. 130–140.
Anon—Bauschutt-Wiederaufbereitung in Berlin, Steinbruch und Sandgrube, Heft 1, january 1985, pp. 4–6.
Boesman, B.—Crushing and separating techniques for demolition material, EDA/RILEM demo-recycling conference, proc. Il “re-use of concrete and brick materials”, Rotterdam, 3 june 1985, European Demolition Association, Wassenaarseweg 80, 2596 CZ, den haag, the Netherlands.
Kreijger P.C.—Hergebruik van Bouw-en Sloopafval als Toeslagmateriaal in Beton. TH-Eindhoven, Afdeling Bouwkunde, Rapport M83-1, January 1983.
Hendriks C.F.—The use of concrete and masonry waste as aggregates for concrete production in the Netherlands. EDA/RILEM demo-recycling conference. proc. Il “re-use of concrete and brick materials”, Rotterdam, 3 june 1985, European Demolition Association, Wassenaarseweg 80, 2596 CZ Den Haag, the Netherlands.
Ravindrarajah R.S., Tam T.C.—Properties of concrete made with crushed concrete as coarse aggregate. Magazine of Concrete Research, vol. 37, no. 130, march 1985.
Kasai Y.—Studies into the reuse of demolished concrete in Japan. EDA/RILEM demo-recycling conference. proc. 22 “re-use of concrete and brick materials”, Rotterdam, 3 june 1985, European Demolition Association, Wassenaarseweg 80, 2596 CZ. Den Haag, the Netherlands.
McCarthy G.J., MacCreery W.J.—Michigan department of transportation recycles concrete freeways. Proc. third international conference on concrete pavement design and rehabilitation, 23–25 april 1985. Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
Strand D.L.—Designing for quality, concrete pavement rehabilitation and recycling on Wisconsin’s interstate highways, proc. third international conference on concrete pavement design and rehabilitation,23–25 april 1985, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
Gordon K.— Concrete pavement consutant, 11 N. Wilshire lane, Arlington Heights, Illinois 60004, (personal communication).
Gerardu J.J.A., Hendriks C.F.—Recycling of road pavement materials in the Netherlands, rijkswaterstaat communications no. 38, the Hague, 1985.
Anon.—Concrete made with broken brick— specifications for production and use. German standard DIN 4163, february 1951 (in German).
Pietrzeniuk H.J.—Aspekte des Umweltschutzes bei der Verwendung von Industriellen Nebenprodukten in Strassenbau. Steinbruch und Sandgrube, Heft 7, July 1984, p. 351.
Riker R.—Die Behandlung von Restbeton, Beton, Heft 7, July 1978, pp. 235–240, (in German).
Riker R.—New methods for processing leftover and returned concrete. Betonwerk und Fertigteil Technik, Heft 9, september 1983, pp. 569–573, and Heft 10, october 1983, pp. 634–637.
Friesenborg B., Genenger R., Orlowski F.—Recycling of waste concrete.Betonwek und Fertigteil Technik, Heft 12, december 1984, pp. 830–836.
Kasai Y.—Recycling waste water and cement slurry disposal at ready mixed concrete plants. Proc. seminar on “energy and resources conservation in concrete technology” under the Japan-US cooperative science program, 10–13 september 1979, San Francisco, USA.
Culuknoise G.A.—Wiederverwendung des Ruckpralls in Spritzbe-tonmischungen sowie Eigenschaften des so hergestellten Spritzbetons. Grubenbau (Moscow), Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 25–26 (In Russian), Reviewed in Betonwerk und Fertgteil-Technik, Heft 10, october 1982 (in German).
EDA.—Demolition techniques, state-of-the-art report. RILEM TC-37-DRC. task force 1. European Demolition Association. Wassenaarseweg 80, NL 2596 CZ, Den Haag, the Netherlands, may 1985.
Hartmann L., Jakobsen J.B.— Cowiconsult, Teknikerbyen 45, DK-2830 Virum, Denmark, (private communication).
Hansen T.C., Angelo, J.—Crushed concrete fines recycled for soil stabilization purposes, submitted for publication in ACI journal.
Van Eck H.—Recycling of demolition wood, EDA/RILEM demo-recycling conference, proc. 22, “reuse of concrete and brick materials”, rotterdam, 3 june 1985, European Demolition Association, Wassenaarseweg 80, 2596 CZ, Den Haag, the Netherlands.
Schulz R.R.—Recycling of masonry waste and concrete in west Germany, EDA/RILEM demo-recycling conference, proc. II, “reuse of concrete and brick materials”, Rotterdam, 3 june 1985. European Demolition Association, Wassenaarseweg 80, 2596 CZ, Den Haag, the Netherlands.
Zagurskij V.A., Zhadanovskij B.V.—Breaking reinforced concrete and recycling crushed materials, special technical report. research, Institute for Concrete and Reinforced Concrete (GOSSTROY), Moscow, 1985, english translation available from European Demolition Association, Wassenaarseweg 80, 2596 CZ, Den Haag, the Netherlands.
Bernier G., Malier Y., Mazars J.—New material from concrete demolition waste— the bibeton. Proc. international conference on the use of by-products and waste in civil engineering, Paris, 28–30 november 1978, pp. 157–162 (in French).
Goeb E.—Pumping structural lightweight concrete. Concrete Construction, vol. 30, no. 6, june 1985, pp. 505–510.
Anon.—Recommendations for recycling sub-standard concrete and reinforced concrete products, special technical report, Research Institute for Concrete and Reinforced Concrete”, (NIIZhB) GOOSTROY, 2nd institutskaja str. 6, 109389 Moscow, 1984.
Berger R.L., Carpenter S.H.—Recycling of concrete into new applications. Chapter 6.1 in P. Kreijger. Adhesion problems in the recycling of concrete. NATO Conference series IV (Materials Science) Plenum Press, New York, 1981, pp. 325–339.
Hansen T.C.—Cat litter and a method for production of cat litter on the basis of crushed hardened concrete. U.K. Patent application no 850659. 4 March 1985.
Appendix a. Literature reviewed in first state-of-the-art report 1945–77. Nixon [5]
Nixon P.J.—The use of materials from demolition in construction. resources policy, december 1976, pp. 276–283.
Buck A.D.—Recycled concrete as a source of aggregate. Proc. of symposium on energy and resource conservation in the Cement and concrete industry, canada center for Mineral and Energy Technology, Ottawa, 1976.
Glushge P.I.—The work of the Scientific Research Institute. Gidrotskhnicheskoge Stroiteistvo no. 4, april 1946, pp. 27–28 (USSR). brief english summary in engineers digest, vol. 7, no. 10, 1946, p. 330.
Graf O.—Über Ziegelsplittbeton, Sandsteinbeton und Trümmerschuttbeton. Die Bauwirtschaft, no. 2, january, no. 3, february, no. 4, march 1948 (Germany), crushed brick concrete, sandstone concrete and rubble concrete. trans. no. 73-1, january 1973, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experimental Station, C.E. Vicksburg. Miss.
Ploger R.R.—An investigation of the compressive strength of concrete in which concrete rubble was used as an aggregate. unpublished thesis. Cornell university, 1947.
Malhotra V.M.—The use of recycled concrete as a new aggregate. proc. of symposium on energy an resource conservation in the cement and concrete industry. Canada Center of Mineral and Energy Technology, Ottawa, 1976.
Buck A.D.—Recycled concrete. Highway research record no. 430, 1973.
Frondistou-Yannas S.—Waste concrete as aggregate for new concrete, ACI journal, August 1977, pp. 373–374.
Gaede K.— Deutscher Ausschuss fur Stahlbeton 109, 1952, and 126, 1957.
Newman A.J.—The utilization of brick rubble from demolished shelters as aggregate for concrete. inst. mun. eng. j. 1946, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 113–121.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hansen, T.C. Recycled aggregates and recycled aggregate concrete second state-of-the-art report developments 1945–1985. Materials and Structures 19, 201–246 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472036
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472036