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Do male Nuthatches (Sitta europaea) guard their mates?

Bewachen männliche Kleiber (Sitta europaea) ihre Paarpartner?

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Summary

We expected to find a clearly manifested mate guarding behaviour in males ofSitta europaea as males of this socially monogamous species participate extensively in parental care. We recorded behaviour of nuthatches during one breeding season in primaeval stands of the Białowieża National Park (E Poland) anticipating that in the females' fertile period the males would stay in close proximity to females and would follow them. We compared the amount of time spent in close proximity, distances between pair members and following rates in the pre-fertile, fertile and post-fertile periods. We also quantified the male contribution to parental care. The males invested heavily in parental care; they regularly fed the incubating females (median = 8 feedings/hr) and provided most food for nestlings (median = 71 % of feedings). In the fertile period, compared to the pre-fertile period males did not spend more time in close proximity of females, they moved away from the females even more frequently. They followed their mates at low rates, and often with a latency exceeding 30 s. It was more a case of the female trying to keep contact with the male especially during breaks in the incubation, than vice versa. None of the mate guarding predictions was thus supported by our data. We suggest that the combination of elaborate copulation ceremony of the nuthatch (which makes clandestine copulations difficult), the impeded mobility of females, and the benefits to females of food provided by males provided sufficient paternity assurance mechanisms in the nuthatch.

Zusammenfassung

KleiberSitta europaea, streng territoriale, monogame Höhlenbrüter mit mehrjähriger Paarbindung, sollten Mechanismen zur Verhinderung von Fremdkopulationen zeigen, zumal Männchen viel Zeit in die Aufzucht der Jungen investieren. Wir beobachteten das Verhalten von Kleibern während einer Brutsaison in ursprunglichen Eichen-Hainbuchengesellschaften des Białowieża Nationalpark in Ostpolen mit der Erwartung, dass männliche Kleiber während der fertilen Phase ihrer Weibchen deren Nähe suchen and ihnen bei Ortswechseln folgen. Wir untersuchten die Entfemung zwischen den Partnern, die Zeit, die sie in unmittelbarer Nähe zueinander verbrachten sowie die Folgeraten in der präfertilen, der fertilen und der postfertilen Phase. Zudem notierten wir den Zeitaufwand der Männchen zur Aufzucht der Jungen. Der Beitrag der Männchen zur Jungenaufzucht ist beträchtlich, schon während der Bebrütung wird das auf dem Gelege sitzende Weibchen regelmäßig gefüttert (Median: 8 Fütterungen/h); das Männchen übernimmt zudem den Großteil des Fütterungsaufwandes für die Jungen (Median: 71 % aller Fütterungen).

Verglichen mit der präfertilen Phase verbringen Kleibermännchen in der fertilen Phase nicht mehr Zeit in der unmittelbaren Nähe des Weibchens, sie entfemen sich sogar häufiger von diesem. Sie folgen ihrer Partnerin selten und mit einer Latenzzeit von häufig mehr als 30 s. Es ist eher das Weibchen, das den Kontakt zu ihrem Partner initiiert, besonders in den Bebrütungspausen, die das Weibchen zur Nahrungssuche nutzt. Keine der Vorhersagen der Mate-guarding-Theorie wird somit von unseren Daten gestützt.

Wir vermuten, dass die Kombination aus auffälligem Kopulationsverhalten (das heimliche Fremdkopulationen (extra pair copulation) erschwert), die durch die Eiproduktion verringerte Mobilität des Weibchens sowie die Vorteile der Versorgung des Weibchens durch das Männchen mit Futter einen ausreichenden Beitrag zur Vaterschaftssicherung leistet.

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Pagenkopf, K., Wesotowski, T. Do male Nuthatches (Sitta europaea) guard their mates?. J Ornithol 143, 145–154 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02465446

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