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References
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Japan indeed made giant steps since the war the joint the other industrial countries: in 1955, the expenses in R&D of Japan accounted for only 1% of the total expenses for R&D in the first six countries (the United States, the USSR, FRG, France, United Kingdom) in this field; 40 years later, Japan occupies the second rank behind the United States and its expenses in R&D reach 20% of the expenses of all of the countries (26) of OECD.
The study of the Tomiaka model thread factory, established by the Japanese government in 1872, shows well that the economic adaptations due to the establishment of foreign technologies to Japan were carried out very quickly as long as the modifications were directly related to the interests of the industrialists (Y. Kiyokawa, «Transplantation of the European Factory System and Adaptations in Japan: The Experience of the Tomiaka Model Filature», in Innovation technologique et civilisation, Paris, Éditions du CNRS, 1989, pp. 419–429).
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Leclerc, M. Science et technologie—Le mariage japonais. Scientometrics 42, 429–434 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02458381
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02458381