Summary
By making use of the Abelian bosonization procedure, we obtain a Coulomb-gas picture of the continuum limit of the one-dimensional Hubbard model. It is shown clearly that the semi-direct product of two Virasoro algebras (c=1) denotes symmetry of excitations of the Hubbard model. A systematic study of modular invariant partition function for the Hubbard model is presented. Correlation functions are calculated explicitly and the result is in good agreement with those of numerical simulations and Tomonaga-Luttinger model.
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Chang, Z. Modular invariant partition function of the Hubbard model. Il Nuovo Cimento D 18, 1087–1097 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02457674
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02457674