Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Heterogeneity, power, and political economy: Some current research issues in the archaeology of Old World complex societies

  • Published:
Journal of Archaeological Research Aims and scope

Abstract

Recent research on Old World chiefdoms and states has largely retreated from the general comparative explanatory paradigm of the 1970s and has focused instead on more historically oriented analyses of culture-specific developmental trajectories. Both theoretical and empirical work tend to emphasize a heterogeneous, conflict-based model of complex society and political economy. This analytical framework has been quite successful in documenting variation and historically determined patterning in the organization of urbanism, craft production, specialization, and exchange. I present an overview of this research and argue that we now need to reintegrate culturally specific analyses within a modified comparative/generalizing perspective on complexity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References Cited

  • Abrams, P. (1988). Notes on the difficulty of studying the state.Journal of Historical Sociology 1: 58–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, R. McC. (1972). Patterns of urbanization in early southern Mesopotamia. In Ucko, P., Tringham, R., and Dimbleby, G. W. (eds.),Man, Settlement, and Urbanism, Duckworth, London, pp. 735–749.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, R. McC. (1978). Strategies of maximization, stability, and resilience in Mesopotamian society, settlement, and agriculture.Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 122: 329–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, R. McC. (1981).Heartland of Cities, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, R. McC. (1982) Property rights and functional tenure in Mesopotamian rural communities. In Postgate, N. (ed.),Societies and Languages of the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honour of I. M. Diakonoff, Aris and Phillips, Warminster, England, pp. 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, R. McC. (1984) Mesopotamian social evolution, old outlooks, new goals. In Sanders, W., Wright, H. T., and Adams, R., (eds.),On the Evolution of Complex Societies: Essays in Honor of Harry Hoijer, Undena, Malibu, pp. 79–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Algaze, G. (1989) The Uruk expansion: Cross cultural exchange in early Mesopotamian civilization.Current Anthropology 30: 571–608.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Algaze, G. (1993a). Expansionary dynamics of some early pristine states.American Anthropologist 95: 304–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Algaze, G. (1993b).The Uruk World System, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Algaze, G., Goldberg, P., Honca, D., Matney, T., Misir, A., Rosen, A., Schlee, D., and Somers, L. (1995). Titris hoyuk: A small early bronze age urban center in southeast Anatolia: The 1994 season.Anatolica 21: 13–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allchin, B. (ed.) (1994).Living Traditions: Studies in the Ethnoarchaeology of South Asia, Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allchin, R. (1995).The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, M. (1992). The mechanisms of underdevelopment: An ancient Mesopotamian example.Review 15: 453–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alonso, A. M. (1994). The politics of space, time, and substance: State formation, nationalism, and ethnicity.Annual Review of Anthropology 23: 379–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andah, B. (1995). European encumbrances to the development of relevant theory in African archaeology. In Ucko, P. (ed.),Theory in Archaeology: A World Perspective, Routledge, London, pp. 96–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archi, A. (1982). About the organization of the Eblaite state.Studi Eblaiti 5: 201–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archi, A. (1990). The city of Ebla and the organization of the rural territory. In Aertz, E., and Klengel, H. (eds.),The Town as Regional Economic Center in the Ancient Near East, Leuven University Press, Leuven, pp. 15–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, B., and Gibson, D. B. (eds.) (1995).Celtic Chiefdom, Celtic State, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Audouze, F., and Buchsenschutz, O. (1989).Villes, villages, et campagne de l'Europe Celtique, Hachette, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baines, J. (1989a). Communication and display: The integration of early Egyptian art and writing.Antiquity 63(240): 471–482.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baines, J. (1989b). Literacy, social organization, and the archaeological record: The case of early Egypt. In Gledhill, J., Bender, B., and Larsen, M. T. (eds.),State and Society: The Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralisation, Unwin Hyman, London, pp. 192–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balfet, H. (1965). Ethnographical observations in North Africa and archaeological interpretation: The pottery of the Maghreb. In Matson, F. (ed.),Ceramics and Man, Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, No. 41, New York, pp. 161–177.

  • Bard, K. (1989). The evolution of social complexity in Predynastic Egypt: An analysis of the Nagada cemeteries.Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 2: 223–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bard, K. (1992). Toward an interpretation of the role of ideology in the evolution of complex society in Egypt.Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 11: 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bard, K. (1994a). The Egyptian Predynastic: A review of the evidence.Journal of Field Archaeology 21: 265–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bard, K. (1994b).From Farmers to Pharaohs. Mortuary Evidence for the Rise of Complex Society in Egypt, Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, No. 2, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, G. (1988).Protohistoric Yamato: Archaeology of the First Japanese State, Museum of Anthropology and Center for Japanese Studies, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, G. (1993).China, Korea, and Japan. The Rise of Civilization in East Asia, Thames and Hudson, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bawden, G. (1989). The Andean state as a state of mind.Journal of Anthropological Research 45: 327–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belcher, W. (1991). Fish resources in an early urban context at Harappa. In Meado, R. (ed.),Harappa Excavations 1986–1990: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Third Millennium Urbanism, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 89–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belcher, W. (1994). Multiple approaches towards reconstruction of fishing technology: Net making and the Indus valley tradition. In Kenoyer, J. M. (ed.),From Sumer to Meluhha: Contributions to the Archaeology of South and West Asia in Memory of George F. Dales Jr., Wisconsin Archaeological Reports, No. 3, University of Wisconsin, Madison, pp. 129–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benco, N. (1987).The Early Medieval Pottery Industry at al-Basra, Morocco, BAR International Series, No. 341, Oxford.

  • Benco, N. (1988). Morphological standardization: An approach to the study of craft specialization. In Kolb, C., and Lackey, L. (eds.),A Pot for All Reasons: Ceramic Ecology Revisited, Laboratory of Anthropology, Temple University, Philadelphia, pp. 57–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhan, K., Vidale, M., and Kenoyer, J. M. (1994). Harappan technology: Theoretical and methodological issues.Man and Environment 19: 141–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, M. J., and Vidale, M. (1993). The production and distribution of stoneware bangles at Mohenjo Daro and Harappa as monitored by chemical characterization studies. In Jarrige, C. (ed.),South Asian Archaeology, 1989, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 37–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, M. J., Stein, G. J., and Vandiver, P. (1993). The standardization hypothesis and ceramic mass production: Compositional, technological, and metric indices of craft specialization at tell Leilan (Syria).American Antiquity 58: 60–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boehmer, R. (1991). Uruk 1980–1990: A progress report.Antiquity 65: 465–478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, R. (1990).The Passage of Arms: An Archaeological Analysis of Prehistoric Hoards and Votive Deposits, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brumfiel, E. (1991). Weaving and cooking: Women's production in Aztec Mexico. In Gero, J., and Conkey, M. (eds.),Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 224–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brumfiel, E. (1992). Distinguished lecture in archaeology: Breaking and entering the ecosystem: Gender, class, and faction steal the show.American Anthropologist 94: 551–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brumfiel, E. (1994a). Introduction. In Brumfiel, E. (ed.),The Economic Anthropology of the State, University Press of America, Lanham, MD, pp. 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brumfiel, E. (ed.) (1994b).The Economic Anthropology of the State, University Press of America, Lanham, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brumfiel, E. (1995). Heterarchy and the analysis of complex societies: Comments. In Ehrenreich, R., Crumley, C., and Levy, J. (eds.),Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Societies, Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 6, Washington, DC, pp. 125–131.

  • Brumfiel, E., and Earle, T. (1987). Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies: An Introduction. In Brumfiel, T. and Brumfiel, E. (eds.),Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brumfiel, E., and Earle, T. (eds.) (1987).Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brumfiel, E., and Fox, J. (eds.) (1994).Factional Competition and Political Development in the New World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Champion, T. (1985). Written sources and the study of the European Iron Age. In Champion, T., and Megaw, J. V. S. (eds.),Settlement and Society: Aspects of West European Prehistory in the First Millennium BC, Leicester University Press, Leicester, pp. 9–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Champion, T. (ed.) (1989).Centre and Periphery: Comparative Studies in Archaeology, Unwin Hyman, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, K. C. (1986).The Archaeology of Ancient China, Yale University Press, New Haven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. (1990).Emerging Complexity. The Later Prehistory of Southeast Spain, Iberia, and the West Mediterranean, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, D., and Chase, A. (1992). An archaeological assessment of Mesoamerican elites. In Chase, D., and Chase, A. (eds.),Mesoamerican Elites: An Archaeological Assessment, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, pp. 303–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase-Dunn, C. (1992). The comparative study of world-systems.Review 15: 313–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase-Dunn, C., and Hall, T. D. (eds.) (1991).Core/Periphery Relations in Precapitalist Worlds, Westview, Boulder.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase-Dunn, C., and Hall, T. D. (1993). Comparing world systems: Concepts and working hypotheses.Social Forces 71: 851–886.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Claessen, H., and Skalnik, P. (eds.) (1979).The Early State, Mouton, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J. (1995). Craft specialization as an archaeological category.Research in Economic Anthropology 16: 267–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J., and Blake, M. (1994). The power of prestige: Competitive generosity and the emergence of rank societies in lowland Mesoamerica. In Brumfiel, E., and Fox, J. W. (eds.),Factional Competition and Political Development in the New World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 17–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J., and Parry, W. (1990). Craft specialization and cultural complexity.Research in Economic Anthropology 12: 289–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, R., and Service, E. (eds.) (1978).Origins of the State, Institute for the Study of Human Issues (ISHI), Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costin, C. L. (1991). Craft specialization: Issues in defining, documenting, and explaining the organization of production.Archaeological Method and Theory 3: 1–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costin, C. L. (1993). Textiles, women, and political economy in late Prehispanic Peru.Research in Economic Anthropology 14: 29–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costin, C., and Earle, T. (1989). Status distinction and legitimation of power as reflected in changing patterns of consumption in late Prehispanic Peru.American Antiquity 54: 691–714.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crabtree, P. J. (1990). Zooarchaeology and complex societies: Some uses of faunal analysis for the study of trade, social status, and ethnicity.Archaeological Method and Theory 2: 155–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crumley, C. (ed.) (1994).Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes, School of American Research, Santa Fe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crumley, C. (1995). Heterarchy and the analysis of complex societies. In Ehrenreich, R., Crumley, C., and Levy, J. (eds.),Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Societies, Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association No. 6, Washington, DC, pp. 1–5.

  • Cunliffe, B. (ed.) (1994).The Oxford Prehistory of Europe, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curvers, H., and Schwartz, G. (1990). Excavations at Tell el Raqa'i: A small rural site of early urban northern Mesopotamia.American Journal of Archaeology 94: 3–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • David, N., Gavua, K., MacEachern, S., and Sterner, J. (1991). Ethnicity and material culture in north Cameroon.Canadian Journal of Archaeology 15: 171–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidovic, V. (1987). The womens ration system at Ebla.Orien Antiquus 26: 299–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeCorse, C. R. (1992). Culture contact, continuity, and change on the Gold Coast, A.D. 1400–1900.African Archaeological Review 10: 163–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • del Olmo Lete, G. (1993). Sheep and goats at Ugarit: Alphabetic texts.Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture 7: 183–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Descoeudres, J. P. (ed.).Greek Colonists and Native Populations. Clarendon, Oxford.

  • Dietler, M. (1989). Greeks, Etruscans, and thirsty barbarians: Early Iron Age interaction in the Rhone Basin of France. In Champion, T. (ed.),Centre and Periphery: Comparative Studies in Archaeology, Unwin Hyman, London, pp. 127–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietler, M. (1990). Driven by drink: The role of drinking in the political economy and the case of Early Iron Age France.Journal of Anthropological Anthropology 9: 352–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietler, M., and Herbich, I. (1994). Ceramics and ethnic identity: Ethnoarchaeological observations on the distribution of pottery styles and the relationship between the social contexts of production and consumption. InTerre cuite et société. La ceramique, document technique, economique, culturel, Editions APDCA, Juan-les-Pins, pp 459–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, M., and Isherwood, B. (1979).The World of Goods: Towards an Anthropology of Consumption, W. W. Norton, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earle, T. (1982). The ecology and politics of primitive valuables. In Kennedy, J., and Edgerton, R. (eds.),Culture and Ecology: Eclectic Perspectives, Special Publication, No. 15, American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC, pp. 65–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earle, T. (1991a). The evolution of chiefdoms. In Earle, T. (ed.),Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earle, T. (1991b). Property rights and the evolution of chiefdoms. In Earle, T. (ed.),Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, pp. 71–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earle, T. (ed.), (1991c).Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edens, C. (1992). The dynamics of trade in the ancient Mesopotamian ‘world system’.American Anthropologist 94: 118–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edens, C., and Kohl, P. (1993). Trade and world systems in Early Bronze Age Western Asia. In Scarre, C., and Healy, F. (eds.),Trade and Exchange in Prehistoric Europe, Oxbow Monograph, No. 33, Oxford, pp. 17–34.

  • Ehrenreich, R., Crumley, C., and Levy, J. (eds.) (1995).Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Societies, Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 6, Washington, DC.

  • Ehrich, R. (ed.) (1992).Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 2nd ed., University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emberling, G. (1995).Ethnicity and the State in Early Third Millennium Mesopotamia, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology and Near Eastern Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Englund, R. (1993). Review of “Before Writing” by Denise Schmandt-Besserat.Science 260: 1670–1671.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falconer, S. (1994). Village economy and society in the Jordan Valley: A study of Bronze Age rural complexity. In Schwartz, G., and Falconer, S. (eds.),Archaeological Views from the Countryside: Village Communities in Early Complex Societies, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 121–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falconer, S., and Savage, S. (1995). Heartlands and hinterlands: Alternative trajectories of early urbanization in Mesopotamia and the southern Levant.American Antiquity 60: 37–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, G. (1995). The emergence of inequality: A focus on strategies, and processes. In Price, T. D., and Feinman, G. (eds.),Foundations of Social Inequality, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 255–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, G., and Neitzel, J. (1984). Too many types: An overview of sedentary prestate societies in the Americas.Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 7: 39–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, G., Kowalewski, S., and Blanton, R. (1984). Modelling ceramic production and organizational change in the pre-hispanic valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. In Van der Leeuw, S., and Pritchard, A. C. (eds.),The Many Dimensions of Pottery, University of Amsterdam, Albert egges van Giffen Instituut voor Prae-en Protohistorie, Cingula VII, Amsterdam, pp. 297–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferioli, P., Fiandra, E., Fissore, G., and Frangipane, M. (eds.) (1994).Archives Before Writing, Publicazioni degli Archividi Stato, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, A. G. (1993). Bronze Age world system cycles.Current Anthropology 34: 383–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, A. G., and Gills, B. K. (1993).The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fried, M. (1967).The Evolution of Political Society, Random House, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, J., and Rowlands, M. (1977). Notes toward an epigenetic model of the evolution of ‘civilisation’. In Friedman, J. and Rowlands, M. (eds.),The Evolution of Social Systems, Duckworth, London, pp. 201–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, R., and Adams, B. (eds.) (1992).The Followers of Horus: Studies Dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman, Oxbow Monograph, No. 20, Oxford.

  • Gailey, C., and Patterson, T. (1987). Power relations and state formation. In Patterson, T., and Gailey, C. (eds.),Power Relations and State Formation, American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC, pp. 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gates, M.-H. (1988). Dialogues between ancient Near Eastern texts and the archaeological record: Test cases from Bronze Age Syria.Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research 270: 63–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, D. B. (1995). Chiefdoms, confederacies, and statehood in early Ireland. In Arnold, B., and Gibson, D. B. (eds),Celtic Chiefdom, Celtic State, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 116–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, D. B., and Geselowitz, M. (eds.) (1988).Tribe and Polity in Late Prehistoric Europe, Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilman, A. (1991). Trajectories towards social complexity in the later prehistory of the Mediterranean. In Earle, T. (ed.),Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 146–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gledhill, J., Bender, B., and Larsen, M. T. (eds.).State and Society: The Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralization, Unwin Hyman, London.

  • Hall, M. (1990).Farmers, Kings, and Traders: The People of Southern Africa, 200–1860, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, T. D. (1986). Incorporation in the world system: Toward a critique.American Sociological Review 51: 390–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, T. D., and Chase-Dunn, C. (1993). The world-systems perspective and archaeology: Forward into the past.Journal of Archaeological Research 1: 121–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan, F. (1988). The predynastic of Egypt.Journal of World Prehistory,2: 135–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan, F. (1993). Town and village in ancient Egypt: Ecology, society, and urbanization. In Shaw, T., Sinclair, P., Andah, B., and Okpoko, A. (eds.),The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals, and Towns, Routledge, London pp. 551–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassan, F. (1994). Population ecology and civilization in ancient Egypt. In Crumley, C. (ed.),Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes, School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM, pp. 155–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauptmann, H. (ed.) (1988).Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft von Ebla, Heidelberger Orientverlag, Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, B. (1995). Pathways to power: Principles for creating socioeconomic inequalities. In Price, T. D., and Feinman, G. (eds.),Foundations of Social Inequality, Plenum, New York, pp. 15–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedeager, L. (1992).Iron Age Societies: From Tribe to State in Northern Europe, 500 B.C. to A.D. 700, Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helms, M. (1993).Craft and the Kingly Ideal, University of Texas Press, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendon, J. (1991). Status and power in Classic Maya society:An archaeological study.American Anthropologist 93: 894–918.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henrickson, E., and Thuesen, I. (eds.) (1989).Upon This Foundation-The Ubaid Reconsidered, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publication, No. 10, Copenhagen.

  • Hesse, B. (1991). Pig lovers and pig haters: Patterns of Palestinian pork production.Journal of Ethnobiology 10: 195–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesse, B. (1995). Husbandry, dietary taboos and the bones of the ancient near east: Zooarchaeology in the post-processual world. In Small, D. (ed.),Methods in the Mediterranean: Historical and Archaeological Views on Texts and Archaeology, E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 197–232.

  • Higham, C. (1989),The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirth, K. (1989). Domestic architecture and social rank in a Mesoamerican urban center. In MacEachern, S., Archer, D. J. W., and Garvin, R. V. (eds),Households and Communities: Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary, pp. 441–459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodder, I. (1986).Reading the Past, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. (1989). A stratified predynastic sequence from Hierakonpolis (Upper Egypt). In Krzyzaniak, L., and Kobusiewicz, M. (eds.),Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara, Muzeum Archaeologiczne W. Poznaniu, Poznan, pp. 317–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. (1991).Egypt Before the Pharaohs, Knopf, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joyce, R. (1992). Classic Maya images of gender and labor. In Claasen, C. (ed.),Exploring Gender Through Archaeology: Selected Papers from the Boone Conference Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 63–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Junker, L. (1990). The organization of intra-regional and long-distance trade in Prehispanic Philipine somplex societies.Asian Perspectives 29: 167–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Junker, L. (1994). Trade competition, conflict, and political transformations in sixth to sixteenth century Philippine chiefdoms.Asian Perspectives 33: 229–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, B. (1989).Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization, Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenoyer, J. M. (1989a). Harappan craft specialization and the question of urban segregation and stratification. Paper presented at the Society for American Archaeology Annual Meeting, Atlanta.

  • Kenoyer, J. M. (1989b). Socio-economic structures of the Indus civilization as reflected in specialized crafts and the question of ritual segregation. In Kenoyer, J. M. (ed.),Old Problems and new Perspectives in the Archaeology of South Asia, Wisconsin Archaeological Reports, No. 2, University of Wisconsin, Madison, pp. 183–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenoyer, J. M. (1991a). The Indus Valley tradition of Pakistan and western India.Journal of World Prehistory 5: 331–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenoyer, J. M. (1991b). Ornament styles of the Indus valley tradition: Evidence from recent excavations at Harappa, Pakistan.Paléorient 17: 79–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenoyer, J. M. (1991c) Urban process in the Indus tradition: A preliminary model from Harappa. In Meadow, R. (ed.),Harappa Excavations 1986–1990. A Multidisciplinary Approach to Third Millennium Urbanism, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 29–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenoyer, J. M. (1994). The Harappan state: Was it or wasn't it? In Kenoyer, J. M. (ed.),From Sumer to Meluhha: Contributions to the Archaeology of West and South Asia in Memory of George F. Dales, Wisconsin Archaeological Reports, No. 3, University of Wisconsin, Madison, pp. 71–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenoyer, J. M. (1997). Experimental studies of Indus valley technology at Harappa. In Parpola, A., and Koskikallio, P. (eds.),South Asian Archaeology 1993, Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Helsinki (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Killen, J. (1993). Records of sheep and goats at Mycenaean Knossos and Pylos.Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture,7: 209–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S.-O. (1994). Burials, pigs, and political prestige in neolithic China.Current Anthropology 35: 119–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kipp, R., and Schortman, E. (1989). The political impact of trade in chiefdoms.American Anthropologist 91: 370–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirch, P. and Weisler, M. I. (1994). Archaeology in the Pacific islands: An appraisal of recent research.Journal of Archaeological Research 2: 285–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, A. B. (1988). Ideology, archaeology, and polity.Man 23: 133–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohl, P. (1989). The use and abuse of world systems theory: The case of the pristine west Asian state. In Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. (ed.),Archaeological Thought in America, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 218–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristiansen, K. (1991). Chiefdoms, states, and systems of social evolution. In Earle, T. (ed.),Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 16–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, F. (1976). Economic growth in Wallerstein's social systems: A review article.Comparative Studies in Society and History 18(4): 517–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, M. T. (1989). Introduction: Literacy and social complexity. In Gledhill, J., Bender, B., and Larsen, M. T. (eds.),State and Society: The Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralisation, Unwin Hyman, London, pp. 173–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesko, B. S. (ed.) (1989).Womens' Earliest Records from Ancient Egypt and Western Asia, Scholars Press, Atlanta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J. (1995). Heterarchy in Bronze Age Denmark: Settlement pattern, gender, and ritual. In Ehrenreich, R., Crumley, C., and Levy, J. (eds.),Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Societies, Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 6, Washington, DC, pp. 41–53.

  • Levy, T. (1992). Transhumance, subsistence, and social evolution in the northern Negev Desert. In Bar Yosef, O., and Khazanov, A. (eds.),Pastoralism in the Levant: Archaeological Materials in Anthropological Perspectives, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 65–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. (ed.) (1995).The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, Facts on File, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lillios, K. (1992). Phosphate fractionation of soils at Agroal Portugal.American Antiquity 57: 495–506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liverani, M. (ed.) (1993).Akkad: The First World Empire, Sargon, Padua.

    Google Scholar 

  • London, G. (1991). Standardization and variation in the work of craft specialists. In Longacre, W. (ed.),Ceramic Ethnoarchaeology, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 182–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longacre, W., Kvamme, K., and Kobayashi, M. (1988). Southwestern pottery standardization: An ethnoarchaeological view from the Philippines.The Kiva 53: 101–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacEachern, S. (1992) Ethnicity and ceramic variation around Mayo Plata, northern Cameroon. In Sterner, J., and David, N. (eds.),An African Commitment: Papers in Honour of Peter Lewis Shinnie, University of Calgary Press, Calgary, pp. 211–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magness-Gardiner, B. (1994a). Community, polity, and temple in a middle Bronze Age Levantine village.Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 7: 127–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magness-Gardiner, B. (1994b). Urban-rural relations in Bronze Age Syria: Evidence from Alalakh level VII palace archives. In Schwartz, G., and Falconer, S. (eds.),Archaeological Views from the Countryside: Village Communities in Early Complex Societies, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 37–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, M. (1986).The Sources of Social Power, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manzanilla, L. (ed.) (1987).Studies in the Neolithic and Urban Revolutions, BAR International Series, No. 349, Oxford.

  • Marcus, M. (1993). Incorporating the body: Adornment, gender, and social identity in ancient Iran.Cambridge Archaeological Journal 3: 157–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, M. (1994). Dressed to kill: Women and pins in early Iran.Oxford Art Journal 17: 3–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, W., Postgate, J. N., Charles, M. P., Payne, S., and Dobney, K. (1994). The imprint of living in an early Mesopotamian city: Questions and answers. In Luff, R., and Rowley-Conwy, P. (eds.),Whither Environmental Archaeology? Oxbow Books, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, R., and Paynter, R. (eds.) (1991).The Archaeology of Inequality, Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, R. (1991). Early urban clusters in China and Africa: The arbitration of social ambiguity.Journal of Field Archaeology 18: 199–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, S. K., and McIntosh, R. J. (1993). Cities without citadels: Understanding urban origins along the middle Niger. In Shaw, T., Sinclair, P., Andah, B., and Okpoko, A. (eds.),The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals, and Towns, Routledge, London, pp. 622–641.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meadow, R. (1991a). Faunal remains and urbanism at Harappa. In Meadow, R. (ed.),Harappa Excavations 1986–1990. A Multidisciplinary Approach to Third Millennium Urbanism, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 89–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meadow, R. (ed.) (1991).Harappa Excavations 1986–1990. A Multidisciplinary Approach to Third Millennium Urbanism, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michalowski, P. (1993) Tokenism.American Anthropologist 95: 996–999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, N. (1990) Archaeobotanical perspectives on the urban-rural connection In Miller, N. (ed.),Economy and Settlement in the Ancient Near East. Analyses of Ancient Sites and Materials, MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, Supplement to Vol. 7, University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, pp. 79–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moens, M.-F., and Wetterstrom, W. (1988). The agricultural economy of an Old Kingdom town in Egypt's west delta: Insights from the plant remains.Journal of Near Eastern Studies 47: 159–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, K. D. (1993). Supplying the city: The role of reservoirs in an Indian urban landscape.Asian Perspectives 32: 133–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, K. D. (1994). States of theory and states of Asia: Regional perspectives on states in Asia.Asian Perspectives 33: 183–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, K. D. (1995).Fields of Victory: Vijayanagara and the Course of Intensification, Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility, No. 53, Berkeley.

  • Morrison, K. D., and Lycett, M. (1994). Centralized power, centralized authority? ideological claims and archaeological patterns.Asian Perspectives 33: 327–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mughal, M. R. (1990). Further evidence of the early Harappan culture in the greater Indus valley: 1971–90.South Asian Studies 6: 175–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholas, I. (1990).Malyan Excavations I: Proto-Elamite Settlement at TUV, University Museum Monograph, No. 69, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nissen, H. (1988).The Early History of the Ancient Near East 9000-2000 B.C., University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nissen, H., Damerow, P., and Englund, R. (1993).Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Connor, D. (1993). Urbanism in Bronze Age Egypt and northeast Africa. In Shaw, T., Sinclair, P., Andah, B., and Okpoko, A. (eds.),The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals, and Towns, Routledge, London, pp. 570–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Connor, D., and Silverman, D. (eds.) (1994).Ancient Egyptian Kingship. E. J. Brill, Leiden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oates, J. (1994). Early writing in Sumer: A review.Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4: 149–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohnuki-Tierney, E. (1990). Introduction: The historicization of anthropology. In Ohnuki-Tierney E., (ed.),Culture Through Time: Anthropological Approaches, Stanford University Press, Stanford, pp. 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pare, C. (1991). Furstensitze, Celts, and the Mediterranean world: Developments in the west Hallstatt culture in the 6th and 5th centuries B.C.Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 57: 183–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paynter, R. (1989). The archaeology of equality and inequality.Annual Review of Anthropology 18: 369–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, M. N. (1988).Before Colonialism: Theories on Asian-European Relations 1500–1750, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peregrine, P. (1991). Some political aspects of craft specialization.World Archaeology 23: 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollock, S. (1989). Power politics in the Susa A period. In Henrickson, E., and Thuesen, I. (eds.)Upon This Foundation: The Ubaid Reconsidered, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publication, No. 10, Copenhagen, pp. 281–292.

  • Pollock, S. (1990). Archaeological investigations on the Uruk mound, Abu Salabikh, Iraq.Iraq 52: 85–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollock, S. (1991). Women in a men's world: Images of Sumerian women. In Gero, J., and Conkey, M. (eds.),Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 366–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollock, S. (1992). Bureaucrats and managers, peasants and pastoralists, imperialists and traders: Research on the Uruk and Jemdet Nasr periods in Mesopotamia.Journal of World Prehistory 6(3): 297–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollock, S. (1994). Review of G. Algaze: “The Uruk World System.”Science 264: 1481–1482.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollock, S., Steele, C., and Pope, M. (1991). Investigations on the Uruk Mound, Abu Salabikh, 1990.Iraq 53: 59–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Possehl, G. (1990). Revolution in the urban revolution: The emergence of Indus urbanization.Annual Review of Anthropology 19: 261–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Postgate, J. N. (1992).Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History, Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Postgate, J. N. (1994). How many Sumerians per hectare? Probing the anatomy of an early city.Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4: 47–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potts, D. (1992).The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity, I: From Prehistory to the Fall of the Achaemenid Empire, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, M. A. (ed.) (1987).Labor in the Ancient Near East, American Oriental Society, New Haven, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preucel, R. (ed.) (1991).Processual and Postprocessual Archaeologies, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper No. 10, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, T. D., and Feinman, G. (eds.), (1995).Foundations of Social Inequality, Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redding, R. (1991). The role of the pig in the subsistence system of ancient Egypt: A parable on the potential of faunal data. In Crabtree, P., and Ryan, K. (eds.)Animal Use and Culture Change, Supplement to MASCA Vol. 8, University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, pp. 20–30.

  • Redding, R. (1992). Egyptian old kingdom patterns of animal use and the value of faunal data in modeling socioeconomic systems.Paléorient 18: 99–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redding, R. (1993). Subsistence security as a selective pressure favoring increasing cultural complexity.Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture 7: 77–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, S. (1991). Complementary approaches to Late Harappan subsistence: An example from Oriyo Timbo. In Meadow, R. (ed.),Harappa Excavations 1986–1990: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Third Millennium Urbanism, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 127–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, C. (1974). Beyond a subsistence economy: The evolution of social organization in prehistoric Europe. In Moore, C. (ed.),Reconstructing Complex Societies, Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 20, Cambridge, MA, pp. 69–95.

  • Renfrew, C., and Cherry, J. (eds.), (1986).Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-Political Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, P. (1981). Evolution of specialized pottery production: A trial model.Current Anthropology 22: 219–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, P. (1991). Specialization, standardization and diversity: A retrospective. In Bishop, R. and Lange, F. (eds),The Ceramic Legacy of Anna O. Shepard, University Press of Colorado, Niwot, pp. 257–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rissman, P., and Chitalwala, Y. M. (1990).Harappan Civilization and Oriyo Timbo, Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertshaw, P. (ed.) (1990).A History of African Archaeology, James Currey, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, A. M. (1989). Ancient town and city sites: A view from the microscope.American Antiquity 54(3): 564–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, M. (1993). Another look at the “Uruk expansion” from the Tigris piedmont. In Frangipane, M., Hauptmann, H., Liverani, M., Matthiae, P., and Mellink, M. (eds.),Between the Rivers and Over the Mountains, Universita di Roma “La Sapienza,” Rome, pp. 163–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, M. (1994). Palace and private agricultural decision-making in the early 2nd millennium B.C. city-state of Larsa, Iraq. In Brumfiel, E. (ed.),The Economic Anthropology of the State, Monographs in Economic Anthropology, No. 11, University Press of America, Lanham, MD, pp. 149–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowlands, M., Larsen, M., and Kristiansen, K. (eds.), (1987).Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahlins, M. (1994). Cosmologies of capitalism: The trans-Pacific sector of ‘the world system.” In Dirks, N. B., Eley, G., and Ortner, S. (eds.)Culture/Power/History, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, pp. 412–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanmartin, J. (1993). Sheep and goats in the Akkadian economic texts from Ugarit.Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture 7: 199–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, T. (1995). Trade, towns, and states: A reconsideration of early medieval economics.Norwegian Archaeological Review 28: 31–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmandt-Besserat, D. (1992).Before Writing, Vol. I: From Counting to Cuneiform, Vol. II: A Catalogue of Near Eastern Tokens, University of Texas Press, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schortman, E., and Urban, P. (1992a). The place of interaction studies in archaeological thought. In Schortman, E., and Urban, P. (eds.),Resources, Power, and Interregional Interaction, Plenum, New York, pp. 3–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schortman, E., and Urban, P. (eds.), (1992b).Resources, Power, and Interregional Interaction, Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, G. (1994) Before Ebla: Models of pre-state political organization in Syria and northern Mesopotamia. In Stein, G., and Rothman, M. (eds.),Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East. The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 153–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, G., and Curvers, H. (1992). Tell al-Raqa'i 1989 and 1990: Further investigations at a small rural site of early urban north Mesopotania.American Journal of Archaeology 96: 397–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, G., and Falconer, S. (eds.) (1994).Archaeological Views from the Countryside, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sella, D. (1977). The world system and its dangers.Peasant Studies 6: 29–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Service, E. (1962).Primitive Social Organization, an Evolutionary Perspective, Random House, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Service, E. (1978). Classical and modern theories of the origins of government. In Cohen, R., and Service, E. (eds.),Origins of the State. The Anthropology of Political Evolution, ISHI, Philadelphia, pp. 21–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanks, M., and Tilley, C. (1987).Social Theory and Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, T., Sinclair, P., Andah, B., and Okpopo, A. (eds.) (1993).The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen, C. (1994). Early urbanization in the eastern Zhou in China (770-221 B.C.): An archaeological view.Antiquity 68: 724–744.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shennan, S. (1986). Central Europe in the third millennium B.C.: An evolutionary trajectory for the beginning of the European Bronze Age.Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 5: 115–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shennan, S. (ed.) (1989).Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity, Unwin Hyman, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherratt, A. (1983). The secondary exploitation of animals in the Old World.World Archaeology 15: 90–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherratt, A. (1993). What would a Bronze Age world system look like? Relations between temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in late prehistory.Journal of European Archaeology 1: 1–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinopoli, C. (1988). The organization of craft production at Vijayanagara, south India.American Anthropologist 90: 580–597.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinopoli, C. (1989). Standardization and specialization: Ceramic production at Vijayanagara, south India. In Kenoyer, J. M. (ed.),Old Problems and New Perspectives in the Archaeology of South Asia, Wisconsin Archaeological Reports, No. 2, University of Wisconsin, Madison, pp. 263–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinopoli, C. (1991). Seeking the past through the present: Recent ethnoarchaeological research in South Asia.Ssian Perspectives 30: 177–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinopoli, C. (1994a). The archaeology of empires.Annual Review of Anthropology 23: 159–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinopoli, C. (1994b). Political choices and economic strategies in the Vijayanagara empire. In Brumfiel, E. (ed.),The Economic Anthropology of the State, University Press of America, Lanham, MD, pp. 223–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skocpol, T. (1977). Wallerstein's world capitalist system: A theoretical and historical critique.American Journal of Sociology 82: 1075–1090.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Small, D. (ed.) (1995).Methods in the Mediterranean: Historical and Archaeological Views on Texts and Archaeology, E. J. Brill, Leiden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. (1993). New World complex societies: Recent economic, social, and political studies.Journal of Archaeological Research 1: 5–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song-Nai, R., and Mong-Lyong, C. (1992). Emergence of complex society in prehistoric Korea.Journal of World Prehistory 6: 51–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, G. (1987). Regional economic integration in early state societies: Third millennium B.C. pastoral production at Gritille, southeast Turkey.Paléorient 13 101–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, G. (1990). Comments on G. Algaze, “The Uruk expansion: Cross cultural exchange in early Mesopotamian civilization”.Current Anthropology 31: 66–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, G. (1994a). Economy, ritual, and power in Ubaid Mesopotamia. In Stein, G., and Rothman, M. (eds.),Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 35–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, G. (1994b) Introduction part II: The organizational dynamics of complexity in greater Mesopotamia. In Stein, G., and Rothman, M. (eds.),Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 11–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, G. (1994c). Segmentary states and organizational variation in early complex societies: A rural perspective. In Schwartz, G., and Falconer, S. (eds.)Archaeological Views from the Countryside: Village Communities in Early Complex Societies, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 10–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, G. (1996). Producers, patrons, and prestige: Craft specialists and emergent elites in Mesopotamia from 5500-3100 BC. In Wailes, B. (ed.),Craft Specialization and Social Evolution: In Memory of V. Grodon Childe, University Museum, Monograph, No. 94, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, pp. 25–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, G., and Blackman, M. J. (1993). The organizational context of specialized craft production in early Mesopotamian states.Research in Economic Anthropology 14: 29–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, G., and Rothman, M. S. (eds.), (1994).Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, G., and Wattenmaker, P. (1990). The 1987 tell Leilan regional survey: Preliminary report. In Miller, N. (ed.),Economy and Settlement in the Near East: Analyses of Ancient Sites and Materials, MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, No. 7 (supplement), University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, pp. 8–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, G., Bernbeck, R., Coursey, C., McMahon, A., Miller, N., Misir, A., Nicola, J., Pittman, H., Pollock, S., and Wright, H. (1996). Uruk colonies and Mesopotamian communities: An interim report on the 1992–3 excavations at Haçinebi, Turkey.American Journal of Archaeology 100: 205–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, S. (1988). Feudalism, capitalism, and the world system in the perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean.American Historical Review 93: 829–872.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sterner, J. (1989). Who is signalling whom? Ceramic style, ethnicity and taphonomy among the Sirak Bulahay.Antiquity 63: 451–459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, E. (1990). The tell Abu Duwari project, Iraq, 1987.Journal of Field Archaeology 17: 141–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, E. (1991). The spatial organization of Mesopotamian cities.Aula Orientalis 9: 235–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, E., and Zimansky, P. (1994). The tell Abu Duwari project, 1988–1990.Journal Of Field Archaeology 21: 437–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, E., and Zimansky, P. (1995). The tapestry of power in a Mesopotamian city.Scientific American 269: 118–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sumner, W. (1989). Population and settlement area: An example from Iran.American Anthropologist 91: 631–641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sumner, W. (1990). An archaeological estimate of population trends since 6000 B.C. in the Kur River basin, Fars province, Iran. In Taddei, M., and Callieri, P. (eds.),South Asian Archaeology 1987, Callieri Instituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Rome, pp. 3–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tosi, M. (1976). The dialectics of state formation in Mesopotamia, Iran, and central Asia.Dialectical Anthropology 1: 173–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trigger, B. (1991). Distinguished lecture in archaeology: Constraint and freedom—a new synthesis for archaeological explanation.American Anthropologist 93: 551–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trigger, B. (1993).Early Civilizations: Ancient Egypt in Context, American University in Cairo Press, Cairo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underhill, A. (1991). Pottery production in chiefdoms: The Longshan period in northern China.World Archaeology 23: 12–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underhill, A. (1992). Regional growth of cultural complexity during the Longshan period of northern China. In Aikens, C. M., and Rhee, S. N. (eds.),Pacific Northeast Asia in Prehistory: Hunter-Fisher-Gatherers, Farmers, and Sociopolitical Elites, Washington State University Press, Pullman, pp. 173–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • van de Mieroop, M. (1993). Sheep and goat herding according to the old Babylonian texts from Ur.Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture 7: 161–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Brink, E. C. M. (ed.) (1998).The Archaeology of the Nile Delta: Problems and Priorities, Netherlands Foundation for Archaeological Research in Egypt, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Brink, E. C. M. (ed.) (1992).The Delta in Transition: 4th–3rd Millennium BC, Israel Exploration Society, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Driel, G. (1993). Neo-Babylonian sheep and goats.Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture 7: 219–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidale, M. (1989). Specialized producers and urban elites: On the role of craft industries in mature Harappan urban contexts. In Kenover, J. M. (ed.),Old Problems and New Perspectives in the Archaeology of South Asia, Wisconsin Archaeological Reports, No. 2, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, pp. 171–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidale, M. (1990). Stoneware industries of the Indus civilization. In Kingery, D. (ed.),Ceramics and Civilization, American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, pp. 231–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wailes, B. (ed.) (1996)Craft Specialization and Social Evolution, University Museum Monograph, No. 94, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallerstein, I. (1974).The Modern World System I, Academic Press, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wapnish, P., and Hesse, B. (1991). Faunal remains from tell Dan: Perspectives on animal production at a village, urban, and ritual center.Archaeozoologia 4: 9–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Washbrook, D. (1990). South Asia, the world system, and world capitalism.Journal of Asian Studies 49: 479–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wattenmaker, P. (1990). Comments on G. Algaze, “The Uruk expansion: Cross cultural exchange in early Mesopotamian civilization.”Current Anthropology 31: 67–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wattenmaker, P. (1994a). Household economy in early state society: material value, productive context, and spheres of exchange. In Brumfiel, E. (ed.).The Economic Anthropology of the State, University Press of America, Lanham, MD, pp. 93–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wattenmaker, P. (1994b). Political fluctuations and local exchange systems in the ancient Near East: Evidence from the early Bronze Age settlements at Kurban Höyük. In Stein, G., and Rothman, M. (eds.),Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East. The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 193–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wattenmaker, P. (1994c). State formation and the organization of domestic craft production at third millennium B.C. Kurban Höyük, southeast Turkey. In Schwartz, G., and Falconer, S. (eds.),Archaeological Views from the Countryside: Village Communities in Complex Societies, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 109–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, S. (1991).Plants and Harappan Subsistence: An Example of Stability and Change from Rojdi, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, D., and Gonlin, N. (1988). Household remains of the humblest Maya.Journal of Field Archaeology 15(2): 169–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, G. (1990). Labor control and emergent stratification in prehistoric Europe.Current Anthropology 31: 337–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, G., and Teglund, M. (1992). Toward the Study of Colonial-Native Interaction in Sardinia from ca. 1000 B.C.-A.D. 456. In Tykot, R., and Andrews, T. (eds.),Sardinia in the Mediterranean: A Footprint in the Sea, Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology 3, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, pp. 448–474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, P. (1990). Iron Age temperate Europe: Some current research issues.Journal of World Prehistory 4: 437–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wenke, R. (1981). Explaining the evolution of cultural complexity: A review.Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 4: 79–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenke, R. (1986). Old Kingdom community organization in the western Egyptian Delta.Norwegian Archaeological Review 19(1): 15–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wenke, R. (1989). Egypt: Origins of complex societies.Annual Review of Anthropology 18: 129–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wenke, R. (1991). The evolution of early Egyptian civilization: Issues and evidence.Journal of World Prehistory 5: 279–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wenke, R., Redding, R., Buck, P., Kobusiewicz, M. K., Kroeper, M. K. (1988). Kom el-Hisn: Excavations of an Old Kingdom west delta community.Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 25: 5–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, J. (1995). Incorporating heterarchy into theory on socio-political development: The case for southeast Asia. In Ehrenreich, R., Crumley C., and Levy, J. (eds.)Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Societies Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 6, Washington, D.C., pp. 101–123.

  • Wilk, R. R., and Ashmore, W. (eds.) (1988).Household and Community in the Mesoamerican Past, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, T. J. (1989). Extensive sherd scatters and land use intensity: Some recent results.Journal of Field Archaeology 16: 31–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, T. J. (1990a). The Development of settlement in the north Jazira between the seventh and first millennia BC.Iraq 52: 49–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, T. J. (1990b). Early channels and landscape development around Abu Salabikh, a preliminary report.Iraq 52: 75–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, T. J. (1990c). Soil development and early land use in the Jazira region, upper Mesopotamia.World Archaeology 22: 87–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, T. J. (1993). Linear hollows in the Jazira, upper Mesopotamia.Antiquity 67: 548–562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, T. J. (1994). The structure and dynamics of dry farming states in upper Mesopotamia.Current Anthropology 35: 483–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, E. (1982).Europe and the People Without History, University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, E. (1990). Facing power: Old insights, new questions.American Anthropologist 92: 586–596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, G. (1993). Rethinking the Oppida.Oxford Journal of Archaeology 12: 223–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, H. (1978). Toward an explanation of the origin of the state. In Cohen, R., and Service, E. (eds.),Origins of the State, Institute for the Study of Human Issues (ISHI), Philadelphia, pp. 49–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R. (1991a). Patterns of technology and organization of production at Harappa. In Meadow, R. (ed.),Harappa Excavations 1986–1990. A Multidisciplinary Approach to Third Millennium Urbanism, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 71–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R. (1991b). Women's labor and pottery production in prehistory. In Gero, J., and Conkey, M. (eds.),Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 194–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoffee, N. (1993). Too many chiefs? (or, safe texts for the 90's). In Yoffee, N., and Sherratt, A. (eds.),Archaeological Theory: Who Sets the Agenda? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 60–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoffee, N. (1995). Political economy in early Mesopotamian states.Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 281–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoffee, N., and Clark, J. (eds.) (1993).Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilization, University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeder, M. (1991).Feeding Cities: Specialized Animal Economy in the Ancient Near East, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeder, M. (1994). Of kings and shepherds: Specialized animal economy in Ur III Mesopotamia. In Stein, G., and Rothman, M. (eds.),Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 175–191.

    Google Scholar 

Bibliography of Recent Literature

  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G. (1989). Halaf mortuary practices: A survey. In Haex, O. M. C., Curvers, H. H., and Akkermans, P. M. M. G. (eds.),To the Euphrates and Beyond: Archaeological studies in Honour of Maurits N. van Loon, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 75–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G. (1989). Tradition and social change in northern Mesopotamia during the later fifth and fourth millennium B.C. In Henrickson, E., and Thuesen, I. (eds.),Upon This Foundation: The Ubaid Reconsidered, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publication, No. 10, Copenhagen, pp. 339–367.

  • Allan, S. (1991).The Shape of the Turtle: Myth, Art, and Cosmos in Early China, State University of New York Press, Albany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, M. (1992). The mechanisms of underdevelopment: An ancient Mesopotamian example.Review 15: 453–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amin, S. (1991). The ancient world systems versus the modern capitalist world system.Review 14: 349–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aubet, M. E. (1993).The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies, and Trade, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bard, K., and Carneiro, R. (1989). Patterns of predynastic settlement location, social evolution, and the circumscription theory.Societés Urbaines en Egypte et au Soudan, Cahiers de Recherches de l"Institut de Papyrologie de Lille, No. 11, pp. 15–23.

  • Bawden, G. (1989). The Andean state as a state of mind.Journal of Anthropological Research 45: 327–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayard, D. (1992). Models, scenarios, variables, and suppositions: Approaches to the rise of social complexity in mainland southeast Asia, 700 B.C.-A.D. 500. In Glover, I., Suchitta, P., and Villiers, J. (eds.),Early Metallurgy, Trade, and Urban Centres in Thailand and Southeast Asia, White Lotus, Bangkok, pp. 13–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, J. (1994). The ceramic evidence for sociopolitical organization in ‘Ubaid southwest Iran. In Stein, G., and Rothman, M. (eds.),Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East. The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 23–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, S. (1992). The Halaf period in Iraq: Old sites and new.Biblical Archaeologist 55: 182–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Champion, T. (1989). Introduction. In Champion, T. (ed.),Centre and Periphery, Unwin Hyman, London, pp. 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M. N. (1989).Health and the Rise of Civilization, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, H. (1991).Sumer and the Sumerians, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • D'Altroy, T. (1994). Comments: Rethinking complex early societies in Asia.Asian Perspectives 33: 351–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson, O. (1994).The Aegean Bronze Age, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edens, C. (1994). On the complexity of complex societies: Structure, power, and legitimation in Kassite Babylonia. In Stein, G., and Rothman, M. (eds.),Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 209–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edens, C., and Kohl, P. (1993). Trade and world systems in early Bronze Age western Asia. In Scarre, C., and Healy, F. (eds.),Trade and Exchange in Prehistoric Europe, Oxbow Monograph, No. 33, Oxford, pp. 17–34.

  • Feinman, G. (1994). Social boundaries and political change: A comparative perspective. In Stein, G., and Rothman, M. (eds.),Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 225–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flannery, K. (1995). Prehistoric social evolution. InResearch Frontiers in Anthropology, Simon and Schuster Education Group, Needham Heights, MA, pp. 3–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foley, M., and Yambert, K. (1989). Anthropology and theories of the state. In Orlove, B. S., Foley, M. W., and Love, T. F. (eds.),State, Capital, and Rural Society, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, pp. 39–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frangipane, M. (1993). Local components in the development of centralized societies in Syro-Anatolian regions. In Frangipane, M., Hauptmann, H., Liverani, M., Matthiae, P., and Mellink, M. (eds.),Between the Rivers and Over the Mountains, Universita di Roma “La Sapienza,” Rome, pp. 133–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frangipane, M., and Palmieri, A. (1989). Aspects of centralization in the Late Uruk period in the Mesopotamian periphery.Origini 14: 539–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, R., and Adams, B. (eds.) (1992).The Followers of Horus: Studies Dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman, Oxbow Monograph, No. 20, Oxford.

  • Gilman, A. (1995). Prehistoric European chiefdoms: Rethinking ‘Germanic’ societies. In Price, T. D., and Feinman, G. (eds.),Foundations of Social Inequality, Plenum, New York, pp. 235–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover, I., Suchitta, P., and Villiers, J. (eds.) (1992).Early Metallurgy, Trade, and Urban Centres in Thailand and Southeast Asia, White Lotus, Bangkok.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunter, A. (ed.) (1990).Investigating Artistic Environments in the Ancient Near East, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, J. (ed.) (1990).The Anthropology of War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halstead, P. (1993). Banking on livestock: Indirect storage in Greek agriculture.Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture 7: 63–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedeager, L. (1992).Iron Age Societies: From Tribe to State in Northern Europe, 500 B.C. to A.D. 700, Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hole, F. (1989). Patterns of burial in the fifth millennium. In Henrickson, E., and Thuesen, I. (eds.),Upon This Foundation: The Ubaid Reconsidered, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publication, No. 10, Copenhagen, pp. 149–180.

  • Hunt, R. (1991). The role of bureaucracy in the provisioning of cities: A framework for analysis of the ancient Near East. In Gibson, M., and Biggs, R. (eds.),The Organization of Power: Aspects of Bureaucracy in the Ancient Near East, 2nd ed., Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, No. 46, University of Chicago Oriental Institute, Chicago, pp. 141–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huot, J.-L. (1989). Ubaidian villages of lower Mesopotamia: Permanence and evolution from Ubaid 0 to Ubaid 4 as seen from Tell el Oueilli. In Henrickson, E., and Thuesen, I. (eds.),Upon this Foundation: The Ubaid Reconsidered, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publication, No. 10, Copenhangen, pp. 19–42.

  • Jansen, M. (1989). Some problems regarding the forma urbis mohenjo Daro. In Frifelt, K., and Sorensen, P. (eds.),South Asian Archaeology 1985, Curzon Press, London, pp. 247–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasim, S. (1989). Structure and function in an Ubaid village. In Henrickson, E., and Thuesen, I. (eds.),Upon this Foundation: The Ubaid Reconsidered, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publication, No. 10, Copenhagen, pp. 79–90.

  • Kenoyer, J. M. (1994). The Harappan state: Was it or wasn't it? In Kenoyer, J. M. (ed.),From Sumer to Meluhha: Contributions to the Archaeology of West and South Asia in Memory of George F. Dales, Wisconsin Archaeological Reports, No. 3, University of Wisconsin, Madison, pp. 71–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenoyer, J. M., Vidale, M., and Bhan, K. K. (1991). Contemporary stone beadmaking in Khambat, India: Patterns of craft specialization and organization of production as reflected in the archaeological record.World Archaeology 23: 44–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, C., and Douglas, J. (1992). Ceramics, caste, and kin: Spatial relations in Rajasthan, India.Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 11: 187–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kryzaniak, L., and Kobusiewicz, M. (eds.) (1989).Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara, Muzeum Archaeologiczne w Poznzniu, Poznan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, M. (1990). Emblems of authority: The seals and sealings from Hasanlu IVB.Expedition 31: 53–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, R. (1994). Review of G. Algaze, “The Uruk world system.”Bibliotheca Orientalis 51: 665–671.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, H. M.-L., (1994). Indus traditional craft production: Research plan and preliminary survey results assessing manufacturing distribution at Harappa, Pakistan. In: Kenoyer, J. M. (ed.),From Sumer to Meluhha: Contributions to the Archaeology of South and West Asia in Memory of George F. Dales, Jr., Wisconsin Archaeological Reports, No. 3, University of Wisconsin, Madison, pp. 81–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millet, N. (1990) The Narmer macehead and related objects.Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 27: 53–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, K. (1993). Supplying the city: The role of reservoirs in an Indian urban landscape.Asian Perspectives 32: 133–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, K. (1994). Monitoring regional fire history through size-specific analysis of microscopic charcoal: The last 600 years in south India.Journal of Archaeological Science 21: 675–685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, K. (1995). Trade, urbanism, and agricultural expansion: Buddhist monastic institutions and the state in early historic western Deccan.World Archaeology 27: 203–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oates, J. (1993). Trade and power in the fifth and fourth millennia B.C.: New evidence from northern Mesopotamia.World Archaeology 24: 403–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmieri, A. (1989). Storage and distribution at Arslantepe-Malatya in the Late Uruk period. In Emre, K., Hrouda, B., Mellink, M., and Özgüç, N. (eds.),Anatolia and the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honor of Tahsin Özgüç, Turkish Historical Society, Ankara, pp. 419–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parpola, A. (1993).Deciphering the Indus Script, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paynter, R. (1989). The archaeology of equality.Annual Review of Anthropology 18: 369–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pittman, H. (1993). Pictures of an administration: The Late Uruk scribe at work. In Frangipane, M., Hauptmann, H., Liverani, M., Matthiae, P., and Mellink, M., (eds.),Between the Rivers and Over the Mountains, Universita di Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome, pp. 235–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollock, S. (1990). Political economy as viewed from the garbage dump: Jemdet Nasr occupation at the Uruk mound, Abu Salabikh.Paléorient 16: 57–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollock, S. (1991). Of priestesses, princes, and poor relations: The dead in the royal cemetery of Ur.Cambridge Archaeological Journal 1: 171–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, M. (1994). Seal and sealing findspot, design, audience, and function: Monitoring changes in administrative oversight and structure at Tepe Gawra during the fourth millennium B.C. In Feriola, P., Fiandra, E., Fissore, G. G., and Frangipane, M. (eds.),Archives Before Writing, Pubblicazioni degli Archivi di Stato, Rome, pp. 97–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, M. (1994). Sealings as a control mechanism in prehistory: Tepe Gawra XI, X, and VIII. In Stein, G., and Rothman, M. (eds.),Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 103–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santley, R., and Alexander, R. (1992). The political economy of core-periphery systems. In Schortman, E., and Urban P. (eds.),Resources, Power, and Interregional Interaction, Plenum, New York, pp. 23–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarre, C., and Healy, F. (eds.) (1993).Trade and Exchange in Prehistoric Europe, Oxbow Monograph, No. 33, Oxford.

  • Sherratt, A. (1993). What would a Bronze Age world system look like? Relations between temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in late prehistory.Journal of European Archaeology 1: 1–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, C. (1990). On the tempo and mode of state formation.Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 9: 1–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spodek, H., and Srinavasan, D. M. (eds.) (1993).Urban Form and Meaning in South Asia: The Shaping of Cities from Prehistoric to Precolonial Times, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sumner, W. (1994). The evolution of tribal society in the southern Zagros mountains, Iran. In Stein, G., and Rothman, M. (eds.),Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 47–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorp, R. (1991). Erlitou and the search for the Xia.Early China 16: 1–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thuesen, I. (1992). Information exchange in the Ubaid period in Mesopotamia and Syria. In Charpin, D., and Joannes, F. (eds.),La circulation des biens, des personnes et des idé es dans le proche orient ancien, XXXVIIIe R.A.I., Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Paris, pp. 13–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underhill, A. (1989). Warfare during the Chinese Neolithic period: A review of the evidence. In Tkaczuk, D. C., and Vivian, B. C. (eds.),Cultures in Conflict: Current Archaeological Perspectives, Proceedings of the 20th Annual Chacmool Conference, University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary, pp. 229–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidale, M., Kenoyer, J. M., and Bhan, K. K. (1992). A discussion of the concept of ‘chaineoperatoire’ in the study of stratified societies: Evidence from ethnoarchaeology and archaeology. In Gallay, A. (ed.),Ethnoarcheologie: justification, problemes, limites, Centre de Recherches Archeologiques, Juan-Le-Pins, France, pp. 181–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, G., and Teglund, M. (1992). Toward the study of colonial-native interaction in Sardinia from ca. 1000 B.C.-A.D. 456. In Tykot, R., and Andrews, T. (eds.),Sardinia in the Mediterranean: A Footprint in the Sea, Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, No. 3, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, pp. 448–474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, H., Courty, M.-A., Wetterstrom, W., Guichard, F., Senior, L., Meadow, R., and Curnow, A. (1993). The genesis and collapse of third millennium north Mesopotamian civilization.Science 261: 995–1004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, P. (1992). Tradition, identity, and change beyond the Roman frontier. In Schortman, E., and Urban, P. (eds.),Resources, Power, and Interregional Interaction, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 175–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, T. J. (1992). Land use diversity in Bronze Age upper Mesopotamia.National Geographic Research and Exploration 8: 196–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, H., Redding, R., and Pollock, S. (1989). Monitoring interannual variability: An example from the period of early state development in southwestern Iran. In Halstead, P., and O'Shea, J. (eds.),Bad Year Economics: Cultural Responses to Risk and Uncertainty, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 106–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R. (1989). The Indus Valley and Mesopotamian civilizations: A comparative view of ceramic technology. In Kenoyer, J. M. (ed.),Old Problems and New Perspectives in the Archaeology of South Asia, Wisconsin Archaeological Reports, No. 2, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, pp. 145–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zagarell, A. (1989). Pastoralism and the early state in greater Mesopotamia. In Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. (ed.),Archaeological Thought in America, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 280–301.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Anthropology Department, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, 60208, Evanston, Illinois

    Gil J. Stein

Authors
  1. Gil J. Stein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Stein, G.J. Heterogeneity, power, and political economy: Some current research issues in the archaeology of Old World complex societies. J Archaeol Res 6, 1–44 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02443149

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02443149

Key Words

Search

Navigation