References
Bassett, C. A. L., Mitchell, S. N. andGaston, S. R. (1982) Pulsing electromagnetic field treatment in ununited fractures and failed arthrodeses.J.A.M.A.,247, 623–628.
De Haas, W. G., Morrison, D. M. andWatson, J. (1980) Noninvasive treatment of the tibia using electrical stimulation.J.B.J.S.,62, 465–470.
Lunt, M. J. (1982) Magnetic and electric fields produced during pulsed-magnetic-field therapy for non-union of the tibia.Med. & Biol. Eng. & Comput.,20, 501–511.
Pilla, A. A. (1980) Electrical modulation of biological regulatory processes via electrochemistry at cell surfaces. Chemical Society Electrochemistry Group Meeting, Oxford, July 1–2.
Watson, J. andDe Haas, W. G. (1975) The noninvasive treatment of a tibial nonunion using a pulsed magnetic field.S.I.C.O.T., XIII World Congress, Copenhagen, Paper 1111.
Watson, J. andDownes, E. M. (1979) Clinical aspects of the stimulation of bone healing using electrical phenomena.Med. & Biol. Eng. & Comput.,17, 161–169.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Watson, J., Downes, E.M. Light-weight battery-operable orthopaedic stimulator for the treatment of long-bone nonunions using pulsed magnetic fields. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 21, 509–510 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02442641
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02442641