Abstract
A feedback system controlling the tidal volume waveform to avoid producing a high flow rate was designed and assembled on the basis of experimental results in dogs. The static and dynamic characteristics of the tidal volume produced by electrical stimulation were obtained from responses to step inputs of various amplitudes. The static characteristics were approximated by a linear model with a threshold and saturation; the dynamic characteristics were expressed in terms of a time constant and dead time. Both characteristics varied from −20% to +20%, depending on the experimental conditions and/or individual differences. The feedback control system consisted of a proportional + integral + derivative controller, a bias circuit and a controlled system. High gains of the system produced sustained oscillations whose frequencies were in good agreement with predictions derived from analogue computer simulation. The system had a small steady-state error and a fairly rapid transient response.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Evanich, M. J. andLourenço, R. V. (1976) Frequency response analysis of the diaphragmin vivo.J. Appl. Physiol.,40, 729–735.
Glenn, W. W. L., Holcomb, W. G., Hogan, J., Matano, I., Gee, J. B. L., Motoyama, E. K., Kim, C. S., Poirier, R. S. andForbes, G. (1973) Diphragm pacing by radiofrequency transmission in the treatment of chronic ventilatory insufficiency.Thorac. & Cardiovasc. Surg.,66, 505–520.
Glenn, W. W. L., Holcomb, W. G., Shaw, R. K., Hogan, J. F. andHolschuh, K. R. (1976) Long-term ventilatory support by diaphragm pacing in quadriplegia.Ann. Surg.,183, 566–577.
Glenn, W. W. L., Gee, J. B. L. andSchachter, E. N. (1978) Diaphragm pacing; application to a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.J. Thorac. & Cardiovasc. Surg.,75, 273–281.
Hoshimiya, N., Takahashi, M., Handa, Y. andSato, G. (1976) Basic studies on electrophrenic respiration: Part 1—Electrophrenic respirator synchronized with phrenic nerve impulses.Med. & Biol. Eng.,14, 387–394.
Ikeda, K., Noshiro, M. andSuzuki, S. (1974) Analysis of synchronization phenomena of respiratory rhythm through electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve.Jap. J. Med. Elec. Biol. Eng.,12, 372–380 (in Japanese).
Miyazaki, S. andSuzuki, S. (1976) Implantable socket for long-term intermittent percutaneous electrical pathways.Jap. J. Med. Electron. & Biol. Eng.,14, 309–313 (in Japanese).
Noshiro, M. andSuzuki, S. (1977) Chronic electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve: stimulation thresholds, implantable stimulator with low power consumption, and fatigue of the nerve.Jap. J. Med. Electron. & Biol. Eng.,15, 93–99 (in Japanese).
Noshiro, M. andSuzuki, S. (1978) Synchronization of respiratory rhythm with electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve.IEEE Trans.,BME-25, 550–554.
Proctor, D. F. andHardy, J. B. (1949) Studies of respiratory air flow. 1. Significance of the normal pneumotachogram.Bul. Johns Hopkins Hospital,85, 253–280.
Radecki, L. L. andTomatis, L. A. (1976) Continuous bilateral electrophrenic pacing in an infant with total diaphragmatic paralysis.J. Pediat.,88, 969–971.
Stemmer, E. A., Crawford, D. W., List, J. W., Heber, R. E. andConnolly, J. E. (1967) Diaphragmatic pacing in the treatment of hypoventilation syndrome.J. Thorac. & Cardiovasc. Surg.,54, 649–657.
Ziegler, J. G. andNichols, N. B. (1942) Optimum settings for automatic controllers.Trans. ASME,64, 759–768.
Ziegler, J. G. andNichols, N. B. (1943) Process lags in automatic control circuits.Trans. ASME,65, 433–444.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Noshiro, M., Suzuki, S. & Ishida, A. Method of electrophrenic respiration for producing a natural respiratory flow rate using feedback control of tidal volume waveform. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 20, 765–771 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02442534
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02442534