Abstract
Symbiodinium microadriaticum Freudenthal is widely regarded to represent one pandemic species of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates. Thin-sectioned and freeze-fractured chloroplasts of symbionts derived from different hosts reveal the envelope to be composed of three membraneous layers, the middle one featuring an uncommon cleavage pattern. Unusual thylakoid arrangement and inclusions indicate intrinsic differences in the chloroplasts among these algae. The results are discussed in the light of evolutionary differentiation withinSymbiodinium.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bisalputra, T., 1974: Plastids. — InStewart, W. D. P., (Ed.): Algal Physiology and Biochemistry, 124–160. — Oxford, London, Edinburgh, Melbourne: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Blank, R. J., 1985: Is the central inclusion body of the cyanellae ofCyanophora paradoxa a carboxysome? — Endocyt. C. Res.2, 113–117.
-- 1986: Untersuchungen zum Zellzyklus der Dinoflagellaten. — Arch. Protistenk., in press.
——, 1978: Time-sequence of nuclear and chloroplast fusions in the zygote ofChlamydomonas reinhardii. — Planta138, 63–64.
——, 1980: Variability of mitochondrial population inChlamydomonas reinhardii. — Planta150, 236–241.
——, 1985a: Speciation and symbiotic dinoflagellates. — Science229, 656–658.
-- -- 1985b:Symbiodinium microadriaticum: a single species? — InGabrie, C., Toffart, J. L., Salvat, B., (Eds.): Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Congress, in press. — Papeete: Antenne du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle et de l’Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes.
-- -- 1986: Nomenclature of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates. — Taxon, in press.
Branton, D., Bullivant, S., Gilula, N. B., Karnovsky, M. J., Moor, H., Mühlethaler, K., Northcote, D. H., Packer, L., Stair, B., Satir, P., Speth, V., Staehelin, L. A., Steere, R. L., Weinstein, R. S., 1975: Freeze-etching nomenclature. — Science190, 54–56.
Chang, S. S., Trench, R. K., 1982: Peridinin-chlorophylla proteins from the symbiotic dinoflagellateSymbiodinium (=Gymnodinium)microadriaticum Freudenthal. — Proc. R. Soc. London (B)215, 191–210.
Dodge, J. D., 1971: Fine structure of thePyrrophyta. — Bot. Rev.37, 481–508.
—— 1973: The Fine Structure of Algal Cells. — London, New York: Academic Press.
—— 1975: A survey of chloroplast ultrastructure in theDinophyceae. — Phycologia14, 253–263.
Freudenthal, H. D., 1962:Symbiodinium gen. nov. andSymbiodinium microadriaticum sp. nov., a zooxanthella: taxonomy, life cycle, and morphology. — J. Protozool.9, 45–52.
Gibbs, S. P., 1978: The chloroplast ofEuglena may have evolved from symbiotic green algae. — Can. J. Bot.56, 2883–2889.
Greenwood, A. D., 1959: Observations on the structure of zoospores ofVaucheria, II. — J. Exptl. Bot.10, 55–68.
Griffiths, D. J., Thinh, L. V., Winsor, H., 1984: Crystals and paracrystalline inclusions ofProchloron (Prochlorophyta) symbiotic with the ascidianTrididemnum cyclops (Didemnidae). — Botanica Marina27, 117–128.
Lefort-Tran, M., Pouphile, M., Freyssinet, G., Pineau, B., 1980: Signification structurale et fonctionnelle des enveloppes chloroplastiques d’Euglena: étude immunocytologique et en cryofracture. — J. Ultrastr. Res.73, 44–63.
Mayr, E., 1981: Biological classification: towards a synthesis of opposing methodologies. — Science214, 510–516.
Miller, K. R., Staehelin, L. A., 1973: Fine structure of the chloroplast membranes ofEuglena gracilis as revealed by freeze-cleaving and deep-etching techniques. — Protoplasma77, 55–78.
Shiveley, J. M., 1974: Inclusion bodies of prokaryotes. — Ann. Rev. Microbiol.28, 167–187.
——, 1973: Functional organelles in prokaryotes: polyhedral inclusions (carboxysomes) ofThiobacillus neapolitanus. — Science182, 584–586.
Sprey, B., 1977: Lamellae-bound inclusions in isolated spinach chloroplasts. I. Ultrastructure and isolation. — Z. Pflanzenphysiol.83, 159–179.
Sweeney, B. M., 1981: Freeze-fractured chloroplast membranes ofGonyaulax polyedra (Pyrrophyta). — J. Phycol.17, 95–101.
Taylor, D. L., 1968: In situ studies on the cytochemistry and ultrastructure of a symbiotic marine dinoflagellate. — J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K.48, 349–366.
—— 1974: Symbiotic marine algae: taxonomy and biological fitness. — InVernberg, W. B., (Ed.): Symbiosis in the Sea, 245–261. — Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
—— 1984: Autotrophic eukaryotic marine symbionts. — InPirson, A., Zimmermann, M. H., (Eds.): Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology17, 75–90. — Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.
Taylor, F. J. R., 1983: Possible free-livingSymbiodinium microadriaticum (Dinophyceae) in tide pools in Southern Thailand. — InSchenk, H. E. A., Schwemmler, W., (Eds.): Endocytobiology2, 1009–1014. — Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter & Co.
Trench, R. K., 1974: Nutritional potentials inZoanthus sociatus (Coelenterata, Anthozoa). — Helgoländer Wiss. Meeresunters.26, 174–216.
—— 1986: Dinoflagellates in non-parasitic symbioses. — InTaylor, F. J. R., (Ed.): Biology of the Dinoflagellates, in press. — London: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Turpin, D. H., Miller, A. G., Canvin, D. T., 1984: Carboxysome content ofSynechococcus leopoliensis (Cyanophyta) in response to inorganic carbon. — J. Phycol.20, 249–253.
Whatley, J. M., Whatley, F. J. R., 1981: Chloroplast evolution. — New Phytol.87, 233–247.
Wiley, E. O., 1981: Phylogenetics: the Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics. — New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto: J. Wiley & Sons.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Blank, R.J. Unusual chloroplast structures in endosymbiotic dinoflagellates: A clue to evolutionary differentiation within the genusSymbiodinium (Dinophyceae). Pl Syst Evol 151, 271–280 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02430280
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02430280