Skip to main content
Log in

Native Yucatán and Spanish influence: The archaeology and history of chikinchel

  • Published:
Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Researchers interested in developing long-term social histories are faced with myriad difficulties rising from the biased and fragmentary nature of various available sources of information on the distant past. Understanding the crucial centuries surrounding the Spanish invasion of the northern Maya lowlands is hindered by uncritical mixing of the written and material records. This case study from the Chikinchel region in northeast Yucatán is focused on economic issues. Relevant data from each register first are considered separately in order to preserve the integrity of each source. The resulting synthesis offers a new, well-informed interpretation of late prehispanic economic organization and its alteration under Spanish authority.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References Cited

  • Andrews, A. P. (1983).Ancient Maya Salt Production and Trade, University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, A. P. (1984). The political geography of the sixteenth century Yucatán Maya: Comments and revisions.Journal of Anthropological Research 40(4): 589–596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, A. P. (1990). The fall of Chichén Itzá: A preliminary hypothesis.Latin American Antiquity 1(3): 258–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, A. P., Gallareta, N., T., Robles, C., F., Cobos, P., R., and Cervera, R. P. (1988). Isla Cerritos: An Itzá trading port on the north coast of Yucatán, Mexico.National Geographic Research 4: 196–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, A. P., Gallareta, N. T., and Palma C. R. (1989). Preliminary report of the Cupul Survey Project.Mexicon xi(5): 91–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, E. W., IV (1965). Archaeology and prehistory in the northern Maya lowlands: An introduction. In Wauchope, R., and Willey, G. R. (eds.),Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 2, University of Texas Press, Austin, pp. 288–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, J. W. (1978).Archaeological Pottery of the Yucatán-Campeche Coast, MARI Publ. 46, Tulane.

  • Bey, G. J. C., Peraza, C., and Ringle, W. M. (1992). Comparative analysis of Late Classic period ceramic complexes of the northern Maya lowlands. In Kirkpatrick, M., and Gifford, C. A. (eds.),Cerámica de la Cultura Maya, No. 16, Laboratory of Anthropology, Temple University, Philadelphia, pp. 11–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanton, R. E., and Feinman, G. A. (1984). The Mesoamerican world system: A comparative perspective.American Anthropolopgist 86: 673–682.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blanton, R. E., Kowalewski, S. A., Feinman, G. M., and Appel, J. (1982).Monte Alban's Hinterland, Part I: The Prehispanic Settlement Patterns of the Central and Southern Parts of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology University of Michigan No. 15, Ann Arbor.

  • Blanton, R. E., Kowalewski, S. A., Feinman, G. M., and Finsten, L. (1993).Ancient Mesoamerica: A Comparison of Change in Three Regions, Second edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boucher, S. (1989). Cerámica pizarra temprana: Algunos precursores y variedades regionales. Paper presented at the First International Congreso de Mayistas, San Cristóbal, Chiapas.

  • Boucher, S., and Palomo, Y. (1995). El grupo K'inich Naranja: Un sistema cerámico del Clásico Tardío en el noroeste de la peninsula de Yucatán.Memorias del Segundo Congreso de Mayistas, Mérida, Yucatán, pp. 239–274.

  • Brainerd, G. W. (1958).The Archaeological Ceramics of Yucatán, University of California Publications, Anthropological Records No. 19, Berkeley.

  • Bricker, V. R. (1981).The Indian Christ, the Indian King: The Historical Substrate of Maya Myth and Ritual, University of Texas Press, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain, R. S. (1948).The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517-1550, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publ. 582, Washington, DC.

  • Charlton, T. H. (1981). Archaeology, ethnohistory, and ethnology: Interpretive interfaces.Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 4: 129–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chung, H. J. (1993).Análisis tipológico y petrográfico de la cerámica arqueológica de Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, Tesis para la Licenciatura en Arqueología, ENAH/INAH-SEP, Mexico, DF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clendinnen, I. (1987).Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatán, 1517-1570, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cogolludo, D. López de [1957 (1688)].Historia de Yucatán, 2 vols. Editorial Academia Literaria, México, DF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortés, H. [1963 (1522)].Cartas de Relación, Editorial Porrúa, S.A., México, DF.

    Google Scholar 

  • de la Garza, M., Izquierdo, A. L., León, Ma. del C., and Figueroa, T. (eds.) [1983 (1579–1581)].Relaciones Histórico-Geográficas de la Gobernación de Yucatán, Tomos I y II, UNAM, México, DF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Díaz del Castillo, B. [1984 (1568)].Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva España, Espasa-Calpe, S.A., Madrid.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, J. D. (1978). Archaeological survey of the Yucatán-Campeche coast. InStudies in the Archaeology of Coastal Yucatán and Campeche, Mexico, MARI Publ. 46, Tulane, pp. 1–67.

  • Edmonson, M. S. (1982).The Ancient Future of the Itzá: The Book of Chilam Balam of Tizimín, University of Texas Press, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmonson, M. S. (1986).Heaven Born Mérida and Its Destiny: The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel, University of Texas Press, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farriss, N. M. (1984).Maya Society Under Colonial Rule, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, G. M. (1982). Patterns in ceramic production and distribution, periods Early I through V. InMonte Alban's Hinterland, Part I: The Prehispanic Settlement Patterns of the Central and Southern Parts of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. In Blanton, R. E., Kowalewski, S. A., Feinman, G. M., and Appel, J. (eds.), Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology University of Michigan No. 15, Ann Arbor, pp. 181–206.

  • Freidel, D. (1983). Lowland Maya political economy: Historical and archaeological perspectives in light of intensive agriculture. In MacLeod, M. J., and Wasserstrom, R. (eds.),Spaniards and Indians in Southeastern Mesoamerica; Essays on the History of Ethnic Relations, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 40–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freidel, D. (1985). New light on a dark age: A summary of major themes. In Chase, A. F., and Rice, P. M. (eds.),The Lowland Maya Postclassic, University of Texas, Austin, pp. 285–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanks, W. F. (1989). Elements of Maya style. In Hanks, W. F. and Rice, D. S. (eds.)Word and Image in Maya Culture: Explorations in Language, Writing, and Representation, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake, pp. 92–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, G. A. (1987). The changing organization of Uruk administration on the Susiana Plain. In Hole, F. (ed.),The Archaeology of Western Iran, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 39–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. D. (1983). The last Maya frontier of colonial Yucatán. In MacLeod, M. J., and Wasserstrom, R. (eds.),Spaniards and Indians in Southeastern Meoamerica: Essays on the History of Ethnic Relations, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 64–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. D. (1989).Maya Resistance to Spanish Rule: Time and History on a Colonial Frontier, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kepecs, S. (1990) Informe preliminar del reconocimiento de Chikinchel al Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México, DF, y al Centro Regional de Yucatán, Mérida. Ms. on file, INAH, México, DF, CRY-INAH, Mérida, and the Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kepecs, S. (1992). Informe preliminar al INAH, DF, y al CRY-INAH, Mérida, sobre la segunda temporada del campo del Proyecto Chikinchel, Yucatán, México. Ms. on file, INAH, México, DF, CRY-INAH, Mérida, and the Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kepecs, S. (1994). Northeast Yucatán and the Aztecs: The Mesoamerican world system on the eve of the Spanish invasion. Paper presented at the 59th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Anaheim, CA.

  • Kepecs, S. (1998). The preliminary regional ceramic sequence of Chikinchel, northeast Yucatán, Mexico.Ancient Mesoamerica (in press).

  • Kepecs, S., and Boucher, S. (1992). Proyecto Chilkinchel: pozos de sondeo en Emal, Yucatán.Consejo de Arqueología Boletín 1991 Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México, DF, pp. 162–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kepecs, S., and Boucher, S. (1997). The prehispanic cultivation of rejolladas and stonelands: New evidence from northeast Yucatán. In Fedick, S. (ed.),The Managed Mosaic: Ancient Maya Agriculture and Resource Use, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp. 69–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kepecs, S., and Gallareta, N. T. (1995). Una visión diacrónica de Chikinchel y Cupul, noreste de Yucatán, Mexico.Memorias del Sugundo Congreso Internacional de Mayistas, Mérida, Yucatán. UNAM, México, DF, pp. 275–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kepecs, S., Feinman, G., and Boucher, S. (1994). Chichén Itzá and its hinterland: A world systems perspective.Ancient Mesoamerica 5: 141–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kepecs, S., Banker, S., and Boucher, S. (1995). Anna Shepard and the Yucatán slatewares: New perspectives through laboratory analyses. Paper presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Minneapolis, MN.

  • Knapp, B. A. (ed.) (1992).Archaeology, Annales, and Ethnohistory, New Directions in Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kowalewski, S. A. (1990). Merits of full coverage surgey: Examples, from the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. In Fish, S. K., and Kowalewki, S. A. (eds.)The Archaeology of Regions, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 33–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kowalewski, S. A., Feinman, G. M., Finsten, L., Blanton, R. E., and Nicholas, L. M. (1989).Mote Alban's Hinterland Part II: Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in Tlacolula, Etla, and Ocotlan, the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology University of Michigan No. 23. Ann Arbor.

  • Levi-Strauss, C. (1995). Saudades do Brasil.New York Review of Books XLII (20): 19–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, C. (1991).Ethnicity and Social Organization at Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico, Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, J. (1993). Ancient Maya political organization. In Sabloff, J. A., and Henderson, J. S. (eds.),Lowland Maya Civilization, in the Eighth Century A.D., Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC, pp. 111–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, A. G. (1982).On the Edge of the Sea: Mural Painting at Tancah-Tulum, Quintana Roo, Mexico, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, A. G. (1986). From the maya margins: Images of Postclassic power politics. In Sabloff, J. A., and Andrews, E. W. V. (eds.)Late Lowland Maya Civilization: Classic to Postclassic, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, pp. 199–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molina Solís, J. F. [1988 (1904)]Historia de Yucatán, Dominación española 1 Primera edición facsimiliar, Consejo Editorial de Yucatán A. C., Mèrida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okoshi, T. (1994). Ecab: Una revisión de la geografía política de una provincia Maya Yucateca.Memorias del Primer Congreso Internacional de Mayistas, UNAM, México, DF, pp. 280–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oviedo y Valdés, G. F. de [1853 (1535–1547)].Historia General y Natural de las Indias, Tomo III, Libro 32, Capítulo III, Imprenta de la Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollock, H. (1965). Architecture of the Maya lowlands. In Wauchope, R., and Willey, G. R. (eds.),Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 2 University of Texas Press, Austin, pp. 378–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prokouriakoff, T. (1955). Death of a civilization.Scientific American 192(5): 82–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Proskouriakoff, T. (1965). Sculpture and major arts of the Maya lowalnds. In Wauchope, R., and Willey G. R. (eds.)Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 2, University of Texas Press, Austin, pp. 469–497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quezada, S. (1993).Pueblos y Caciques Yucatecos, 1550–1580, Colegio de México, DF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, C. (1975). Trade as action at a distance: Questions of interaction and communication. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, pp. 3–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robles, C., F. (1990).La Secuencia Cerámica de la Región de Cobá, Quintana Roo, Colección Científica, Serie Arqueología. INAH, México, DF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robles, C., F., and Andrews, A. P. (1986). A review and synthesis of recent Postclassic archaeology in Yucatán. In Sabloff, J. A., and Andrews, V. E. W. (eds.)Late Lowland Maya Civilization: Classic to Postclassic, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, pp. 53–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roys, R. L. (1943).The Indian Background of Colonial Yucatán, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publ. 548, Washington, DC.

  • Roys, R. L. (1957).The Political Geography of the Yucatan Maya, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publ. 613, Washington, DC.

  • Roys, R. L. (1973).The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel, University of Oklahoma, Press, Norman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabloff, I. A., and Rathje, W. L. (1975). The rise of a Maya merchant class.Scientific American 233(4): 72–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabloff, J. A., Tourtellot, G., Fahmel Beyer, B., McAnany, P., Christensen D., Boucher, S., and Killion, T. R. (1985).Settlement and Community Patterns at Savil, Yucatan, Mexico: The 1984 Season, Latin American Research Institute Paper Series No. 17, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, W. T., Parsons, J. and Santley, R. (1979).The Basin of Mexico, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholes, F. V., and Adams, E. B. (1938).Don Diego Quijada, Alcalde Mayor de Yucatán 1561–1565, Biblioteca Histórica Mexicana 2 vols., Porrúa, e hijos, México.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholes, F. V., and Roys, R. L. (1948).The Maya Chontal Indians of Acalan-Tixchel, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publ. 560, Washington, DC.

  • Shepard, A. O. (1951). Ceramic technology.Camegie Institution of Washington Yearbook 50: 241–244.

  • Shepard, A. O. (1952). Ceramic technology.Camegie Institution of Washington Yearbook 52: 263–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepard, A. O. (1958). Ceramic technology.Carnegie Institution of Washington 57: 451–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepard, A. O. (1964). Ceramic development of the lowland and highland Maya. In35th International Congress of Americanists, Vol. 1, Mexico, DF, pp. 518–520.

  • Smith, C. (1976). Regional economic systems: Linking geographic models and socioeconomic problems. In Smith, C. (ed.),Regional Analysis, Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, pp. 3–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. E. (1987). Archaeology and the Aztec economy.Social Science History 11 (3): 237–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. E. (1992a). Braudel's temporal rhythms and chronology theory in archaeology. In Knapp, B. (ed.),Archaeology, Annales, and Ethnohistory, New Directions in Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 23–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. E. (1992b). Rhythms of change in Postclassic central Mexico: Archaeology, ethnohistory, and the Braudelian model. In: Knapp, B. (ed.),Archaeology, Annales and Ethnohistory, New Directions in Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 51–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. E. (1971).The Pottery of Mayapán, Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 66, Harvar, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, Sir J. E. S. (1966).The Rise and Fall of Maya, Civilization, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, Sir J. E. S. (1970).Maya History and Religion, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tourtellot, G., Sabloff, J. A., Smyth, M. P., Whitley, L. V., Gallareta, N. T., Perez, A. C., Andrews, G. F., and Dunning, N. P. (1988). Mapping community patterns at Sayil, Yucatan, Mexico: The 1985 season.Journal of New World Archaeology 8: 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tozzer, A. M. (1941).Landa's Relacion, de las Cosas de Yucatán: A Translation. Papers of the Peabody Museum, Vol. 18, Harvard, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trigger, B. G. (1980). Archaeology and the image of the American Indian.American Antiquity 45(4): 662–676.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trigger, B.G. (1989).A History of Archaeological Thought, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willey, G. R. (1986). The Postclassic of the Maya lowlands: A preliminary overview. In Sabloff, I. A., and Andrews, V. E. W. (eds.),Late Lowland Maya Civilization: Classic to Postclassic, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, pp. 17–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, E. R. (1986). The vicissitides of the closed corporate peasant community.American Ethnologist 13: 325–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kepecs, S. Native Yucatán and Spanish influence: The archaeology and history of chikinchel. J Archaeol Method Theory 4, 307–329 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02428066

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02428066

Key Words

Navigation