Abstract
This study tested three possible mechanisms that could explain the prolonged breath-holds (BH) previously observed in humans during submersion in 35°C (thermoneutral) water, including a reduced metabolism, a decreased CO2 sensitivity, and an increased CO2 storage capacity. During immersed BH (n = 13), maximal BH time was prolonged by 20.3% (P < 0.05), the rate of rise of end tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (P ETCO2) was slower (P < 0.05) by 31 % (compatible with increased CO2 storage capacity), but the breaking-pointP ETCO2 (CO2 sensitivity) and the rate of decrease of end tidal partial pressure of oxygen (metabolism) were unchanged. During air breathing (n = 5), immersion resulted in a significant decrease in tidal volume (11%), but did not affect O2 uptake, CO2 elimination\((\dot VCO_2 )\), or respiratory exchange ratio (R). During a 4-min CO2-rebreathing (n = 9), the slope of the hypercapnic ventilatory response curve (CO2 sensitivity index) was unchanged by immersion, but the significantly decreased\(\dot VCO_2 \),R, and rate of rise inPETCO2 during immersed rebreathing indicated an increase in the acute CO2 storage capacity (SC). The estimated SC (n = 9), based on an assumed cellular respiratory quotient of 0.8, were 0.52 (SEM 0.03) ml · kg−1 · mmHg−1 for control and 0.66 (SEM 0.04) ml · kg−1 · mmHg−1 for immersion. A proposed mechanism for the increased SC during immersed BH and during immersed rebreathing is that immersion accelerated CO2 redistribution in the body by increasing perfusion to some low-perfused, low-metabolism, and high-capacity tissues, such as resting skeletal muscle. The increased SC during immersion, however, did not correlate with the prolonged BH duration (n = 9,P > 0.05). The mechanism of the latter remains unclear.
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Chang, LP., Lundgren, C.E.G. Maximal breath-holding time and immediate tissue CO2 storage capacity during head-out immersion in humans. Europ. J. Appl. Physiol. 73, 210–218 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02425478
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02425478