Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Societal response to CO2-induced climate change: Opportunities for research

  • Published:
Climatic Change Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

How might a climate change, induced by increased CO2 in the atmosphere, affect societies? What is the range of existing and potential mechanisms for societal response? And how might research contribute to a reduction of the adverse impact (or enhancement of the unique opportunities) of a climate change by providing greater understanding of the processes involved in climate and society interaction? This paper reflects an initial effort to shed light on these questions. It offers first a framework for identifying key issues in climate-society interaction; eight major questions are suggested by the framework. A discussion of each major question is then presented with the purpose of reviewing the current state of knowledge, identifying the gaps in understanding, and offering opportunities for research to fill those gaps. In all, twenty-two research needs are outlined and are summarized at the conclusion of the paper. The perspective is inter-disciplinary, but the review draws heavily from the geographic literature, reflecting the disciplinary bias of the authors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ausubel, J.: 1980, ‘Economics in the Air’, in A. K. Biswas (ed.),Climatic Constraint and Human Activities, 13–59. Oxford, Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baerreis, D. A. and Bryson, R. A.: 1968, ‘Climatic Change and the Mill Creek Culture of Iowa’,J. Iowa Archaeological Society 15, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, E. J. and McPhee, J. G.: 1975,Land Use Management and Regulation in Hazardous Are as: A Research Assessment. Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baier, W.: 1977, ‘Crop-weather Models and Their Use in Yield Assessments’, World Meteorological Organization Technical Note No. 151. Geneva, WMO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baier, W. and Williams, G. D. V.: 1974, ‘Regional Wheat Yield Predictions from Weather Data in Canada’.Proceedings of the WMO Symposium Agrometeorology of the Wheat Crop. Braunschwig, Federal Republic of Germany, 22 October 1973. WMO No. 396, 265–283. Geneva, WMO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, C. V.: 1972, ‘Weather and the Short-Term Forecasting of Electricity Demand’, in J. A. Taylor (ed.),Weather Forecasting for Agriculture and Industry, Rutherford, Falireigh, Dickinson University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, H. J. and Morse, C. M.: 1963,Scarcity and Growth: The Economics of Natural Resource Availability, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumgartner, A.: 1979, ‘Climate Variability and Forestry’, in World Meteorological Organization (ed.),World Climate Conference: A Conference of Experts on Climate and Mankind, Geneva, WMO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, R. J. and Chorley, R. J.: 1978,Environmental Systems. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biswas, A. K.: 1980a, ‘Climate and Economic Development’,The Ecologist 9, 188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biswas, A. K.: 1980b, ‘Crop-Climate Models: A Review of the State of the Art’, in J. Ausubel and A. K. Biswas (eds.),Climatic Constraints and Human Activities, 75–92. Oxford, Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biswas, M. R.: 1979, ‘Energy and Food Production’, in A. K. Biswas and M. R. Biswas (eds.),Food, Climate and Man, New York, J. Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biswas, M. R. and Biswas, A. K. (eds.): 1979,Food, Climate and Man, New York, J. Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulding, K.: 1980, ‘Science: Our Common Heritage’,Science 207, 831.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowden, M. J.et al.: 1981, ‘The Effect of Climate Fluctuations on Human Populations: Two Hypotheses’, in M. Ingram, G. Farmer, and T. M. L. Wigley(eds.),Climate and History. Cambridge University Press.

  • Bryson, R. A.: 1975, ‘Some Cultural and Economic Consequences of Climatic Change’, Report No. 60. Institute on Environmental Studies, University of Winconsin, Madison.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryson, R. A., Lamb, H. H., and Donley, D. L.: 1974, ‘Drought and the Decline of Mycenae’,Antiquity 48, 46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryson, R. A. and Padoch, C.: 1980, ‘On the Climates of History’,J. of Interdisciplinary History 10, 583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, I., Kates, R. W., and White, G. F.: 1968, ‘The Human Ecology of Extreme Geophysical Events’, Natural Hazards Research Working Paper No. 1, Department of Geography, University of Toronto.

  • Burton, I., Kates, R. W., and White, G. F.: 1978,The Environment as Hazard, New York, Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, I.et al.: 1974, ‘Public Response to a Successful Air Pollution Control Program’, in J. A. Taylor (ed.),Climatic Resources, London, David and Charles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, R.: 1968,Discontinuity in Greek Civilization. New York, W. W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caviedes, C. N.: 1975, ‘El Niño 1972: Its Climatic, Ecological, Human, and Economic Implications’,Geogr. Rev. 65, 493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Center for Environmental Assessment Services: 1980, ‘Climate Impact Assessment: Annual Summary’. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Commerce.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christy, F. T. and Scott, A.: 1965,The Common Wealth in Ocean Fisheries. Johns Hopkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochrane, H. C.: 1975, ‘Natural Hazards: Their Distributive Impacts’, Boulder, Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochrane, H. C., Haas, J. E., and Kates, R. W.: 1974, ‘Social Science Perspectives on the Coming San Francisco Earthquake: Economic, Prediction, and Reconstruction’, Natural Hazards Research Working Paper No. 25. Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craddock, J. M.: 1965, ‘Domestic Fuel Consumption and Winter Temperatures in London’,Weather 20, 257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cushing, D. H.: 1979, ‘Climatic Variation and Marine Fisheries’, in World Meteorological Organization (ed.),World Climate Conference: A Conference of Experts on Climate and Mankind, Geneva, WMO.

    Google Scholar 

  • d'Arge, R.: 1979, ‘Climate and Economic Activity’, in World Meteorological Organization (ed.),World Climate Conference: A Conference of Experts on Climate and Mankind, Geneva.

  • Dacy, D. C. and Kunreuther, H.: 1969,The Economics of Natural Disasters; Implications for Federal Policy. New York, Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deevey, E. S.et al.: 1979, ‘Mayan Urbanism: Impact on a Tropical Karst Environment’,Science 206, 298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dracup, J. A.: 1977, ‘Impact on the Colorado River Basin and Southwest Water Supply’, in National Academy of Sciences (ed.),Climate, Climatic Change and Water Supply, Washington, D. C., National Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dynes, R. R.: 1970,Organized Behavior in Disaster. Lexington, Massachusetts, D. C. Heath.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrenfeld, D.: 1972,Conserving Life on Earth. New York, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Data Information Service (EDIS): 1979, ‘The Large-Area Crop Inventory Experiment’,Environmental Data Service.

  • Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA): 1966, ‘Weather and the Construction Industry’, ESSA/P1660013. Washington, D.C., GPO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enzer, S., Drobnick, R., and Alter, L.: 1978,Neither Feast nor Famine. Lexington, Massachusetts, Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich, P. R. and Ehrlich, A. H.: 1970,Population, Resources, Environment: Issues in Human Ecology. San Francisco, Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Food and Climate Forum: 1981,Food and Climate Review 1980–81. Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies. Boulder, Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): 1974,Environment and Development. Thirteenth FAO Regional Conference for Latin America, Panama City, Panama. Rome, FAO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fossey, W. R.: 1977, ‘‘Talkin’ Dust Bowl Blues: A study of Oklahoma's Cultural Identity During the Great Depression’,Chronicles of Oklahoma 55, 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friesema, H. P., Caporaso, J., Goldstein, G., Lineberry, R., and McCleary, R.: 1979,Aftermath: Communities After Natural Disasters. Beverly Hills, Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, R. and Escudero, J.: 1980 (draft), ‘The Constant Catastrophe’, Vol. 2. An IFIAS Report on ‘Drought and Man: The 1972 case History’.

  • Great Plains Committee: 1937,The Future of the Great Plains, 75th Congress, First Session, Document No. 144, U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, D.C., GPO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, L.: 1977, ‘Man-Environment Relationships in Anthropology and Geography’,Annals. Assoc. Amer. Geogr. 67, 126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grove, A. T.: 1973, ‘Desertification in the African Environment’, in D. Dalby and R. H. Church (eds.),Drought in Africa, London, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, U.S. (ed.): 1975,Physiological Aspects of Dryland Farming. New Delhi, Oxford and IBH Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haigh, P.: 1977, ‘Separating the Effects of Weather and Management on Crop Production’, Contract Report, C.F. Kettering Foundation, Grant ST-77-4. Columbia, Missouri.

  • Hare, F.K.: 1979, ‘Climatic Variation and Variability: Empirical Evidence From Meteorological and Other Sources’, in World Meteorological Organization (ed.),World Climate Conference: A Conference of Experts on Climate and Mankind, Geneva, WMO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, D. R.: 1969, ‘The Ecology of Agricultural Systems’, in R. U. Cooke and J. H. Johnson (ed.),Trends in Geography, Oxford, Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, P.: 1979, ‘The curse of the Tropics’,New Scientist 22, 602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heathcote, R. L.: 1974, ‘Drought in South Australia’ in G. F. White (ed.),Natural Hazards: Local, National, Global, New York, Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heberlein, T. A.: 1973, ‘The Three Fixes: Technological, Cognitive and Structural’, paper presented at the Water Community Conference. Seattle, Washington.

  • Heilbroner, R. L.: 1974,An Inquiry into the Human Prospect. New York, Norton and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, K.: 1980, ‘Perspectives on Development and Small Settlements in the Third World With Special Reference to Pakistan’, in P. O'Keefe and K. Johnson (eds.),Environment and Development; Community Perspectives, Program on International Development, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holcomb Research Institute: 1976,Environmental Modeling and Decision-Making: The United States Experience. New York, Praeger Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holling, C. S.: 1973, ‘Resilience and Stability in Ecological Systems’,Ann. Rev. Eco. and Systematics 4, 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huntington, E.: 1915,Civilization and Climate. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huszar, P.: 1975,Frost Hazard in the United States: A Research Assessment. Boulder, Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, M. J., Farmer, G., and Wigley, T. M. L. (eds.): 1981,Climate and History. Cambridge University Press.

  • Jacobsen, T.: 1958, ‘Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture’,Science 128, 1251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, R. H.: 1979, ‘Drought in the Western United States: Perception and Adjustment 1976–1977’. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting Association of American Geographers. Philadelphia, April 22–25.

  • Johnson, J. H.: 1976, ‘Effects of Climate Changes on Marine Food Production’, Appendix A in National Academy of Sciences,Climate and Food: Climatic Fluctuation and U.S. Agricultural Production. Washington, D.C., NAS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K.: 1976, ‘Do As the Land Bids: A Study of Otomi Resource-Use on the Eve of Irrigation’, Ph.D. dissertation, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University.

  • Kates, R. W.: 1962,Hazard and Choice Perception in Flood Plain Management, Research Paper No. 78. Chicago, University of Chicago, Department of Geography.

  • Kates, R. W.: 1980a, ‘The Methodology of Climate Impact Assessment: A Note’, unpublished MS, Clark University.

  • Kates, R. W.: 1980b, ‘Climate and Society: Lessons From Recent Events’,Weather 35, 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, R.: 1977, ‘Assessing the Impact of Climatic Change on Food Production’,Climatic Change 1, 85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kellogg, W. W. and Schware, R.: 1981,Climate Change and Society: The Consequences of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kneese, A. V., Ayres, R. U., and d'Arge, R. C.: 1970,Economics and the Environment: A Materials Balance Approach. Washington, D.C., Resources for the Future.

  • Lambert, L. D.: 1975, ‘The role of Climate in the Economic Development of Nations’,Land Economics 47, 339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linnemann, H., deHoogh, J., Keyzer, M. A., and van Heemst, H. D. J.: 1979,MOIRA: Model of International Relations in Agriculture. Amsterdam, North-Holland Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manners, I. R.: 1974, ‘The Environmental Impact of Modern Agricultural Technologies’, in I. R. Manners and M. W. Mikesell (eds.),Perspectives on Environment, Washington, D.C., Assoc. Amer. Geographers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margolis, H.: 1979, ‘Estimating Social Impacts of Climate Change: What Might Be Done vs What Is Likely to Be Done’. Paper presented to AAAS/DOE Workshop on Environmental and Societal Consequences of a Possible CO2Induced Climate Change, Annapolis, Maryland.

  • Maunder, W. J., Johnson, S. R., and McQuigg, J. D.: 1971, ‘The Effect of Weather on Road Construction: Application of a Simulation Model’,Monthly Weather Rev. 99, 946.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGovern, T. H.: 1981, ‘The Economics of Extinction in Norse Greenland’, in M. Farmer, M. Ingram, and T. M. Wigley (eds),Climate and History, Cambridge, University of Cambridge Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKernan, D.: 1972, ‘World Fisheries World Concern’, in B. Rothschild (ed.),World Fisheries Policy: Multidisciplinary Views, University of Washington Press, Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • McQuigg, J. D.: 1975,Economic Impacts of Weather Variability. Columbia, Missouri, Atmospheric Science Department, University of Missouri-Columbia.

    Google Scholar 

  • McQuigg, J. D.et al.: 1973,The Influence of Weather and Climate on United States Grain Yields: Bumper Crops or Droughts. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Commerce.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell Jr., J. M., Felch, R. E., Gilman, D. L., Quinlan, F. T., and Rotty, R. M.: 1973, ‘Variability of Seasonal Total Heating Fuel Demand in the United States’, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, T., Ingham, M., LeDuc, S. K., and Steyaert, L. T.: 1980, ‘Impact of Climatic Factors on Early Life Stages of Atlantic Mackerel’, paper presented at the Conference on Climatic Impacts and Societal Response of the American Meteorological Society, August. Milwaukee.

  • National Academy of Sciences (NAS): 1972,Genetic Vulnerability of Major Crops. Washington, D.C., NAS.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Academy of Sciences (NAS): 1977,Climate, Climatic Change, and Water Supply. Washington, D.C., NAS.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Defense University: 1978,Climate Change to the Year 2000: A Survey of Export Opinion, Washington, D.C., GPO.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Defense University: 1980,Crop Yields and Climate Change to the Year 2000. Washington, D.C., GPO.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): 1974, ‘Variability of Seasonal Total Fuel Demand in the United States’,Environmental Data Service, January, 5–9.

  • Newman, J. E.: 1978, ‘Drought Impacts on American Agricultural Productivity’, in N. E. Rosenberg (ed.),North American Droughts, Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norwine, J.: 1978,Climate and Human Ecology, Houston, D. Armstrong.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Keefe, P. and Wisner, B.: 1975, ‘African Drought: The State of the Game’, in P. Richards (ed.),African Environment, London, International African Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parry, M. L.: 1978,Climatic Change, Agriculture, and Settlement. Kent, UK, Dawson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pattison, W. D.: 1964, ‘The Four Traditions of Geography’,Journal of Geography 63, 211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Post, J. D.: 1977,The Last Great Subsistence Crisis in the Western World. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quirk, W. J.: 1980, ‘Using Improved Climate Information to Better Manage Energy Systems’. Paper presented at the Conference on Climatic Impacts and Societal Response of the American Meteorological Society, August.

  • Rabb, T.: 1980, ‘The Effects of Climate Change in the Past’, Unpublished draft paper prepared for AAAS-DOE panel on Social and Institutional Responses to CO2-induced Climate Change.

  • Radovich, J.: 1981, ‘The Collapse of the California Sardine Industry: What Have We Learned?’, in M. Glantzand J. D. Thompson (eds.),Resource Management and Environmental Uncertainty: Lessons from Coastal Upwelling Fisheries. New York, John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees, J. D.: 1970, ‘Paricutin Revisited: A Review of Man's Attempts to Adapt to Ecological Changes Resulting from Volcanic Catastrophe’,Geoforum, April, 7–26.

  • Reifsnyder, W. E.: 1976, ‘Forest Lands’, Appendix B in National Academy of Sciences,Climate and Food: Climatic Fluctuation and U.S. Agricultural Production. Washington, D.C., National Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Regan, C.: 1980, ‘Underdevelopment, Vulnerability and Starvation: Ireland, 1845–48’, in P. O'Keefe and K. Johnson (eds.),Environment and Development: Community Perspectives, Worcester, Massachusetts: Program on International Development, Clark University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rettig, R. B.: 1978, ‘Managing Fisheries for Optimum Yield: The Need for Integrated Research in Physical, life and Social Sciences’, in M. Glantz, H. van Loon, and E. Armstrong (eds.),Multidisciplinary Research Related to the Atmospheric Sciences, Boulder, Colorado, National Center for Atmospheric Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riebsame, W.: 1981, ‘Adjustment to Drought in the Spring Wheat Area of North Dakota: A Case Study of Climate Impacts on Agriculture’, Ph.D. Dissertation, Clark University, Worcester, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, P. R.: 1960, ‘Adverse Weather Its Effects on Engineering Design and Construction’,Civil Engineering 30, 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotberg, R. I. and Rabb, T. K. (eds.): 1980,Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, C. S., Arey, D. G., and Kates, R. W.: 1970,Drought and Water Supply. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russo, J. A.et al.: 1965, ‘The Operational and Economic Impact of Weather on the Construction industry’, The Travelers Research Center, Inc., Hartford, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saarinen, T.: 1966,Perception of the Drought Hazard on the Great Plains, Research Paper No. 106. Chicago, Department of Geography, University of Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saarinen, T. F.: 1974, ‘Problems in the Use of a Standardized Questionnaire for Cross-Cultural Research on Perception of Natural Hazards’, in G. F. White (ed.),Natural Hazards: Local, National, Global, New York, Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaake, J. D. Jr. and Kaczmarek, Z.: 1979, ‘Climate Variability and the Design and Operation of Water Resource Systems’, in World Meteorological Organization (ed.),World Climate Conference: A Conference of Experts on Climate and Mankind, Geneva, WMO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, S. H. and Chen, R. S.: 1980, ‘Carbon Dioxide Warming and Coastline Flooding: Physical Factors and Climatic Impact’,Annual Review of Energy 5, 107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, S. H. and Mesirow, L. E.: 1976,The Genesis Strategy. New York, Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE): 1978,Workshop on Climate/Society Interface, Paris, SCOPE secretariat.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewell, W. R. D. and Burton, I. (eds.): 1971,Perceptions and Attitudes in Research Management. Ottawa, Information Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A.: 1956, ‘Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment’,Psych. Rev. 63, 129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. D. and Parry, M.: 1981,Consequences of Climatic Change. Department of Geography, University of Nottingham, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitz, P.: 1980, ‘Drought and Self-Provisioning’, in J. Ausubel and A. K. Biswas (eds.),Climatic Constraints and Human Acitivities, 125–147. Oxford, Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, W. J.: 1973,California and the Dust Bowl Migration. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taaffe, E. J.: 1974, ‘The Spatial View in Context’,Annals of the Association of American Geographers 64, 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, K. and Yoshino M. M.: 1978,Climatic Change and Food Production. University of Tokyo Press.

  • Terjung, W. E.: 1981, ‘Toward Level-5 Geographical Modeling: A Working Structure’, Paper presented to 77th AAG Meeting. Los Angeles.

  • Thompson, J, D.: 1981, ‘Climate, Upwelling, and Biological Productivity: Some Primary Relationships’, in M. Glantz and J. D. Thompson (eds.),Resource Management and Environmental Uncertainty: Lessons from Coastal Upwelling Fisheries, Chapter 2. New York, John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. D.: 1977, ‘Ocean deserts and ocean oases’, in M. Glantz (ed.).Desertification: Environ mental Degradation in and around Arid Lands, Chapter 6. Boulder, Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, L. M.: 1962, ‘Evaluation of Weather Factors in the Production of Wheat in the United States’,Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 17, 149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, L. M.: 1969a, ‘Weather and Technology in the Production of Wheat in the United States’,Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 23, 219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, L. M.: 1969b, ‘Weather and Technology in the Production of Corn in the U.S. Corn Belt’,Agronomy Journal 61, 453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timmerman P.: 1981, ‘Vulnerability, Resilience and the Collapse of Society’, Environmental Monograph NO. 1. Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto.

  • Torrey, W. L: 1979, ‘Anthropological Studies in Hazardous Environments: Past Trends and New Horizons’,Current Anthropology, Vol. 20, No. 3.

  • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA): 1974,The World Food Situation and Prospects to 1980. Foreign Agriculture Report No. 98. Washington, D.C., GPO.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Transportation: 1975, ‘Impacts of Climatic Change on the Biosphere’, CIAP Monograph 5, Part 2,Climatic Effects. Washington, D.C. GPO.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Loon, H. and Williams, J.: 1978, ‘The Association Between Mean Temperature and Interannual Variability’,Monthly Weather Rev. 106, 1012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waddell, E.: 1975, ‘How the Enga Cope With Frosts: Responses to Climatic Perturbations in the Central Highlands of New Guinea’,Human Ecology 3, 249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warrick, R. A.: 1980, ‘Drought in the Great Plains: A Case Study of Research on Climate and Society in the U.S.A.’, in J. Ausubel and A. K. Biswas (eds.),Climatic Constraints and Human Activities, Oxford: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warrick, R. A. (with Trainer, P. B., Baker, E. J., and Brinkmann, W.): 1975,Drought Hazard in the United States: A Research Assessment. Boulder, Colorado, Institute of Behavior Science, University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warrick, R. A. and Bowden, M. J.: 1981, ‘Changing Impacts of Drought in the Great Plains’, in M. Lawson and M. Baker (eds.),The Great Plains, Perspectives and Prospects, Lincoln, Nebraska, Center for Great Plains Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warrick, R. A. and Kates, R.: 1981, ‘Testing Hypotheses About the Effects of Climate Fluctuations on Human Populations’. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Toronto.

  • Water Resource Council (WRC): 1976,Unified National Program for Flood Plain Management.Washington, D.C., GPO.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, G. F.: 1961, ‘The Choice of Use in Resource Management’,Natural Resources Journal 1, 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, G. F.: 1966, ‘Formation and Role of Public Attitudes’, in H. Jarrett (ed.),Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, G. F.: 1969,Strategies of American Water Management. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, G. F.: 1973, ‘Natural Hazards Research’, in R. J. Chorlcy (ed.),Directions in Geography, London, Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, G. F. (ed.): 1974,Natural Hazards: Local, National, Global, New York, Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, G. F. and Haas, J. E.: 1975,Assessment of Research on Natural Hazards. Cambridge, MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whyte, I.: 1981, ‘Human Response to Shortand Long-Term Climatic Fluctuations: The Example of Early Scotland’, in C. D. Smith (eds.),Consequences of Climatic Change, 17–29. Department of Geography, University of Nottingham.

  • Wisner, B.: 1978, ‘The Human Ecology of Drought in Eastern Kenya’, Ph.D. Dissertation, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University.

  • World Meteorological Organization: 1974, ‘Intercomparison of Conceptual Models Used in Operational Hydrological Forecasting’, Operational Hydrology Report No. 7. Geneva: WMO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worster, D.: 1979,Dust Bowl: The Southern Great Plains in the 1930s. New York, Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, J. D., Rossi, P. H., Wright, S. R., and Weber-Burdin, E.: 1979,After the Clean-up: Long-Range Effects of Natural Disasters. Beverly Hills, California, Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yevjevich, V., Hall, W. A., and Salas, J. D.: 1978,Drought Research Needs, Fort Collins, Water Resources Publications.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Center for Atmospheric Research, 80307, Boulder, CO, USA

    Richard A. Warrick

  2. Climate and Society Research Group, Center for Technology, Environment and Development, Clark University, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA

    William E. Riebsame

Authors
  1. Richard A. Warrick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. William E. Riebsame
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Warrick, R.A., Riebsame, W.E. Societal response to CO2-induced climate change: Opportunities for research. Climatic Change 3, 387–428 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02423243

Download citation

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02423243

Keywords

Search

Navigation