Summary
We report about 142 patients from whom colposcopically directed cervical punch biopsies were taken which showed condylomatous lesions with or without cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Fiftysix (39.4%) of these women used oral contraceptives (OC) for at least two years before examination. We used DNA in situ hybridization on all biopsies for detection of human papillomavirus (HPV)-DNA. Among OC users a significant trend towards higher HPV infection rates in high grade CIN (odds ratio 2.9,P<0.05) was found, whereas non-users of oral contraceptives had the highest HPV infection rate in condylomatous lesions without CIN (odds ratio 0.5,P<0.05). Thus in OC users HPV infection was about 24 times more likely in CIN III as in condyloma, whilest among non-users the trend was the other way round (7-fold likelyhood of HPV positivity in condyloma compared to CIN III). Other known risk factors for cervical carcinoma did not influence HPV infection rates in either group.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beral V, Hannaford P, Kay C (1988) Oral contraceptive use and malignancies of the genital tract. Results from the Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraceptive study. Lancet II:1331–1335
Brinton LA, Huggins GR, Lehman HF, Mallin K, Savitz DA, Trapido E, Rosenthal J, Hoover R (1986) Long term use of oral contraceptives and risk of cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 38:339–344
Brinton LA, Hamman RF, Huggins GR, Lehman HF, Levine RS, Mallin K, Frauemeni JF (1987) Sexual and reproductive risk factors for invasive squamous-cell cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 79:23–30
Cochran WG (1954) Some methods for strengthening the common chi-square test. Biometrics 10:417–451
Cornfield J (1956) A statistical problem arising retrospective studies. In: Neyman J (ed) Proceedings of the Third Berkeley Symposion, vol 4. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 135–148
Cornfield J (1962) Joint dependence of risk of coronary heart disease on serum cholesterol and systolic blood pressure: a discriminant function analysis. Federation Proceedings 21:58–613
Ford LC, Berek JS, Lagasse LD, Hacker NF, Heins YL, DeLange RJ (1983) Estrogen and progesterone receptor sites in malignancies of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 15:27–31
Gall SA, Bourgois CH, Maguire R (1969) The morphologic effects of oral contraceptive agents on the cervix. J Am Med Wom Ass 207:2243–2247
Gitsch G, Kainz Ch, Reinthaller A, Kopp W, Tatra G, Breitenecker G (1991) Cervical neoplasia and human papillomavirus infection in prostitutes. Genitourin Med 67:478–480
Gloss B, Bernard HU, Seedorf K, Klock G (1987) The upstream regulatory region of the human-papilloma-virus-16 contains an E2-protein-independent enhancer which is specific for cervical carcinoma cell and regulated by glucocorticoid hormones. EMBO J 6:3735–3743
Greenberg ER, Vessey M, McPherson K, Yeates D (1985) Cigarette smoking and cancer of the uterine cervix. Br J Cancer 51:139–141
Hildesheim A, Reeves WC, Brinton LA, Lavery C, Brenes M, de la Guardia ME, Godoy J, Rawls WE (1990) Association of oral contaceptive use and human papillomaviruses in invasive cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 45:860–864
Höfler H (1987) What's new in “in situ hybridization”. Pathol Res Pract 182:421–430
Lyon JL, Gardner JW, West DW, Stanish WM, Hebertson RM (1983) Smoking and carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. Am J Public Health 73:588–592
Meanwell CA, Blackledge G, Gox MF, Maitland NJ (1987) HPV 16 DNA in normal and malignant cervical epithelium: implications for the etiology and behaviour of cervical neoplasia. Lancet I:703–707
Naguib SM, Lundin FE, Davis HJ (1966) Relation of various epidemiologic factors to cervical cancer as determined by a screening programm. Obstet Gynecol 28:451–459
Pater MM, Hughes GA, Hyslop DE, Nakshatri H, Pater A (1988) Glucocorticoid dependent oncogenic transformation by type 16 but not type 11 human papillomavirus DNA. Nature 335:832–835
Pater A, Bayatpour M, Pater MM (1990) Oncogenic transformation by human papillomavirus type 16 deoxyribonucleic acid in the presence of progesterone or progestins from oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162:1099–1103
Reeves WC, Arosemena JR, Garcia M, Loo de Lao S, Cuevas M, Quiroz E, Caussy D, Rawls WE (1989) Genital human papillomavirus infection in Panama City prostitutes. J Infect Dis 160:599–603
Reid R, Stanhope CR, Herschmann BR, Booth E, Phibbs GD, Smith JP (1982) Genital warts and cervical cancer. I. Evidence of an association between subclinical papillomavirus infection and cervical malignancy. Cancer 50:377–387
Reid R, Greenberg M, Jenson AB, Husain M, Willett J, Daoud Y, Temple G, Stanhope CR, Sherman AI, Phibbs GD, Lorincz AT (1987) Sexually transmitted papillomavirus infections. I. The anatomic distribution and pathologic grade of neoplastic lesions associated with different viral types. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156:212–222
Sebastian JA (1978) Cancer of the cervix — a sexually transmitted disease. Cytologic screening in a prostitute population. Am J Obstet Gynecol 131:620–623
Stern E, Forsythe AB, Youkeles L, Coffelt CF (1977) Steroid contraceptive use and cervical dysplasia: increased risk of progression. Science 196:1460–1462
Syrjänen K, de Villiers EM, Väyrynen M, Mäntyjervi R, Parkkinen S, Saarikoski S, Castren O (1985) Cervical papillomavirus infection into invasive cancer in less than three years. Lancet I:510–511
WHO (1985) Invasive cervical cancer and combined oral contraceptives. Br Med J 290:961–965
Winkelstein W (1986) Cigarette smoking and cancer of the uterine cervix. In: Hoffman D, Harris CC (eds) Mechanisms in tobacco carcinogenesis. Banbury report 23. Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbour, pp 329–341
Zur Hausen H (1986) Intracellular surveillance of persisting viral infections. Human genital cancer results from deficient cellular control papillomavirus gene expression. Lancet II:489–491
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gitsch, G., Kainz, C., Studnicka, M. et al. Oral contraceptives and human papillomavirus infection in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Arch Gynecol Obstet 252, 25–30 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02389603
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02389603