Abstract
White-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) are not known to occur to the east or southeast of Bangkok. The reliably documented localities ofH. lar nearest to this area are about 120 km northeast of Bangkok. There, in the Kao Yai National Park, is the only known zone of contact betweenH. lar and the pileated gibbon (H. pileatus), another species of the so-calledlar group. Unpublished documents dating from 1925 indicate, however, that sympatry between these two species may also have existed in the region of Sriracha, about 80 km southeast of Bangkok. Therefore, a large zone of overlap in the distribution of the two species may originally have existed. In most parts of this hypothetical zone, gibbon habitat appears to have been destroyed, with the Khao Yai Park possibly representing the last remnant of the once large contact zone.
References
Bourret, R., not dated, but approximately 1946.Les Mammifères de l'Indochine: Les Gibbons. Laboratoire des Sciences Naturelles de l'Université Indochinoise, 40pp. +3 plates.
Brockelman, W. Y., 1975. Gibbon populations and their conservation in Thailand.Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc., 26: 133–157.
————, 1978. Preliminary report on relations between the gibbonsHylobates lar andH. pileatus in Thailand. In:Recent Advances in Primatology, Vol. 3: Evolution,D. J. Chivers &K. A. Joysey (eds.), Academic Press, London, pp. 315–318.
———— &S. P. Gittins, 1984. Natural hybridization in theHylobates lar species group: Implications for speciation in gibbons. In:The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology,H. Preuschoft,D. J. Chivers,W. Y. Brockelman, &N. Creel (eds.), Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh, pp. 498–532.
———— &D. Schilling, 1984. Inheritance of stereotyped gibbon calls.Nature, 312: 634–636.
Chasen, F. N., 1935. On mammals from Siam.J. Siam Soc., Nat. Hist. Suppl., Bangkok, 10: 31–57.
Chivers, D. J., 1977. The lesser apes. In:Primate Conservation,Prince Rainier III of Monaco &G. H. Bourne (eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 539–598.
———— &S. P. Gittins, 1978. Diagnostic features of gibbon species.Int. Zoo Yrbk, 18: 157–164.
Creel, N. &H. Preuschoft, 1984. Systematics of the lesser apes: A quantitative taxonomic analysis of craniometric and other variables. In:The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology,H. Preuschoft,D. J. Chivers,W. Y. Brockelman, &N. Creel (eds.), Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh, pp. 562–613.
Geissmann, T., 1984. Inheritance of song parameters in the gibbon song, analyzed in 2 hybrid gibbons (Hylobates pileatus ×H. lar).Folia Primatol., 42: 216–235.
----, 1991. The Spaeth Gibbon Collection.Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. (in press).
Groves, C. P., 1972. Systematics and phylogeny of gibbons. In:Gibbon and Siamang, Vol. 1,D. M. Rumbaugh (ed.), S. Karger, Basel, pp. 1–89.
Haimoff, E. H., 1984. Acoustic and organizational features of gibbon songs. In:The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology,H. Preuschoft,D. J. Chivers,W. Y. Brockelman, &N. Creel (eds.), Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh, pp. 333–353.
Kloss, C. B., 1929. Some remarks on the gibbons, with the description of a new subspecies.Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1929: 113–127.
Ma, S., Y. Wang, &F. E. Poirier, 1988. Taxonomy, distribution, and status of gibbons (Hylobates) in southern China and adjacent areas.Primates, 29: 277–286.
Marshall, J. T. &W. Y. Brockelman, 1986. Pelage of hybrid gibbons (Hylobates lar ×H. pileatus) observed in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand.Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc., 34: 145–157.
———— &E. R. Marshall, 1976. Gibbons and their territorial songs.Science, 193: 235–237.
————,B. A. Ross, &S. Chantharojvong, 1972. The species of gibbons in Thailand.J. Mammal., 53: 479–486.
———— &J. Sugardjito, 1986. Gibbon systematics. In:Comparative Primate Biology, Vol. 1: Systematics, Evolution, and Anatomy,D. R. Swindler &J. Erwin (eds.), Alan R. Liss., New York, pp. 137–185.
————,J. Sugardjito, &M. Markaya, 1984. Gibbons of the lar group: Relationships based on voice. In:The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology,H. Preuschoft,D. J. Chivers,W. Y. Brockelman, &N. Creel (eds.), Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh, pp. 533–541.
Morris, R. C., 1943. Rivers as barriers to the distribution of gibbons.J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 43: 656.
Parsons, R. E., 1940. Rivers as barriers to the distribution of gibbons.J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 42: 434.
————, 1941. Rivers as barriers to the distribution of gibbons.J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 42: 926.
Raemaekers, J. J., P. M. Raemaekers, &E. H. Haimoff, 1984. Loud calls of the gibbon (Hylobates lar): Repertoire, organisation and context.Behaviour, 91: 146–189.
Spaeth, R. A., 1925. Notes on gibbons collected by Dr. R. A. Spaeth; Sriracha, Siam, May 26 to June 2, 1925. Unpub. notes, 3pp. (to be published as Appendix inGeissmann, 1991).
Spaeth-Taussig, E. E., 1925. The tree walkers of the tropics. Unpublished manuscript, 10pp. Bangkok.
----, 1927. Aerial vagabonds of the jungles.Travel, New York, 1927 (December): 36–38, and 51.
United States Board on Geographic Names, 1966.Official Standard Names Gazetteer: Thailand. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C.
Weitzel, V., C. M. Yang, &C. P. Groves, 1988. A catalogue of primates in the Singapore Zoological Reference Collection, Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore (formerly the Zoological Collection of the Raffles Museum).Raffles Bull. Zool., 36: 1–166.
Yerkes, R. M. &A. W. Yerkes, 1929.The Great Apes. A Study of Anthropoid Life. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Geissmann, T. Sympatry between white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) and pileated gibbons (H. pileatus) in Southeastern Thailand. Primates 32, 357–363 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02382676
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02382676