Skip to main content
Log in

Preimaginal development, adult longevity and fecundity ofEncarsia inaron (Hym.: Aphelinidae) parasitizingSiphoninus phillyreae (Hom.: Aleyrodidae) in California

  • Published:
Entomophaga Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A laboratory study of preimaginal development, adult longevity and fecundity ofEncarsia inaron (Walker) was conducted. Preimaginal developmental times varied with temperature, from 55–60 d at 15±1°C to 14–17 d at 30±1°C. No development took place at 10°C, which was approximately the developmental minimum estimated from regression analysis of developmental rates vs. temperature in the range 15–30°C. Development was slowed and survival was reduced at 32°C. Females lived an average of 18.6 days and laid a average of 159 eggs/female at 25°C. At 25°C, average preimaginal survival was 59.3%, and the sex ratio was 73.5% female. The net reproductive rate (R0) forE. inaron calculated from these studies was 69.3, while the intrinsic rate of natural increase was 0.1686 individuals per individual per day. Oviposition was concentrated slightly in third instar nymphs of the host.

Résumé

Une étude a été menée en laboratoire sur le développement préimaginal, la longévité et la fécondité des adultes d'Encarsia inaron (Walker). La durée de développement préimaginal varie avec la température, entre 55 à 60 jours à 15±1°C et 14 à 17 jours à 30±1°C. Il n'y a pas de développement à 10°C, température qui correspond approximativement au seuil estimé à partir de la droite de régression de la vitesse de développement par rapport à la température dans l'intervalle 15–30°C. Le développement est ralenti et la survie réduite à 32°C. En moyenne, les femelles vivent 18,6 jours et pondent 159 œufs à 25°C. A cette même température, la survie préimaginale est en moyenne de 59,3% et la sex-ratio de 73,5% de femelles. Le taux net de reproduction R0 deE. inaron calculé à partir de ces études est de 69,3%, alors que le taux intrinsèque d'accroissement naturel est de 0,169 individus par individu et par jour. En ce qui concerne l'oviposition, une légère préférence est montrée pour le 3e stade larvaire de l'hôte.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arakawa, R. — 1982. Reproductive capacity and amount of host-feeding ofEncarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). —Z. angew. Ent., 93, 175–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avilla, J. A. &Copland, M. J. W. — 1987. Effects of host stage on the development of the facultative autoparasitoidEncarsia tricolor (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). —Ann. appl. Biol., 110, 381–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellows, T. S., Paine, T. D., Gould, J. R., Bezark, L. G., Ball, J. C., Bentley, W., Coviello, R., Downer, J., Elam, P., Flaherty, D., Goureia, P., Koehler, K., Molinar, R., O'Connell, N., Perry, E., &Vogel, G. — 1992a. Biological control of ash whitefly: a success in progress. —Calif. Agric., 46(1), 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellows, T. S. Jr., Van Driesche, R. G., Elkinton, J. S. — 1992b. Life-table construction and analysis in the evaluation of natural enemies. —Annu. Rev. Entomol., 37, 587–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burnett, T. — 1949. The effect of temperature on an insect host-parasite system. —Ecology, 30, 431–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerling, D. — 1966. Studies with whitefly parasites of southern California. I.Encarsia pergandiella Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). —Can. Entomol., 98, 707–724.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerling, D. — 1990. Natural enemies of whiteflies: predators and parasitoids. pp. 147–185. In: Whiteflies: their bionomics, pest status and management. (Gerling, D., ed) —Intercept, Andover.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerling, D. &Foltyn, S. — 1987. Development and host preference ofEncarsia lutea (Masi) and interspecific host discrimination withEretmocerus mundus (Mercet) (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae) parasitoids ofBemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). —J. Appl. Ent., 103, 425–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerling, D., Spivak, D. &Vinson, B. — 1987. Life history and host discrimination ofEncarsia deserti (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid ofBemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). —Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 80, 224–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, J. R., Bellows, T. S. &Paine, T. D. — 1992a. Population dynamics ofSiphoninus phillyreae in California in the presence and absence of a parasitoid,Encarsia partenopea. —Ecol. Entomol., 17, 127–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, J. R., Bellows, T. S. &Paine, T. D. — 1992b. Evaluation of biological control ofSiphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) by the parasitoidEncarsia partenopea. —Biol. Cont., 2, 257–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leddy, P., Paine, T. D., &Bellows, T. S. Jr. — 1995. Biology ofSiphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) (Homoptera: Aleyrodiadae) and its relationship to temperature. —Environ. Entomol., 27, 380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madueke, E.-D. N. &Coaker, T. H. — 1984. Temperature requirements of the whiteflyTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and its parasitoidEncarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). —Entomol. Gener., 9(3), 149–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazzone, P. — 1983. Contributi alla conoscenza morfo-biologica degli Afelinidi. 1. Osservazioni sugli stadi preimmaginali e sulla biologia diEncarsia partenopea Masi. —Boll. Lab. Entomol. Agrar. F. Silvestri Portici, 40.

  • Nechols, J. R. &Tauber, M. J. — 1977. Age-specific interaction between the greenhouse whitefly andEncarsia formosa: Influence of host on the parasite's oviposition and development. —Environ. Entomol., 6, 143–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nell, H. W., Sevenster-van der Lelie, L. A., Woets, J. &van Lenteren, J. C. — 1976. The parasite host relationship betweenEncarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) andTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). II. Selection of host stages for oviposition and feeding by the parasite. —Z. angew. Ent., 81, 372–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, L. S. — 1982. Temperature-dependent development of greenhouse whitefly and its parasiteEncarsia formosa. —Environ. Entomol., 11, 483–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polaszek, A., Evans, G. A., &Bennett, F. D. — 1992.Encarsia parasitoids ofBemisia tabaci (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae, Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): a preliminary guide to identification. —Bull. Ent. Res., 82, 375–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Priesner, H. &Hosney, M. — 1932. Contributions to a knowledge of the whiteflies (Aleurodidae) of Egypt (I.). —Tech. Sci. Ser., Bull. no. 121, Government Press, Cairo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southwood, T. R. E. — 1978. Ecological methods. —Chapman & Hall, London. 524 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, C. R. — 1985. Temperatures lethal for citrus backfly parasites,Encarsia opulenta andE. smithi (Hym.: Aphelinidae). —Entomophaga 30, 87–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vet, L. E. M. &van Lenteren, J. C. — 1981. The parasite-host relationship betweenEncarsia formosa Gah (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) andTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). X. A comparison of threeEncarsia spp. and oneEretmocerus sp. to estimate their potentialities in controlling whitefly on tomatoes in greenhouses with a low temperature regime. —Z. angew. Ent., 91, 327–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viggiani, G. — 1984. Bionomics of the Aphelinidae. —Ann. Rev. Entomol., 29, 257–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gould, J.R., Bellows, T.S. & Paine, T.R. Preimaginal development, adult longevity and fecundity ofEncarsia inaron (Hym.: Aphelinidae) parasitizingSiphoninus phillyreae (Hom.: Aleyrodidae) in California. Entomophaga 40, 55–68 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372681

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372681

Key-words

Navigation