Skip to main content
Log in

Larval descriptions and biology ofTephritis dilacerata [Dip.: Tephritidae], a candidate for the biocontrol ofSonchus arvensis in Canada

  • Published:
Entomophaga Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The immature stages ofTephritis dilacerata Loew are described. Newly emerged males become sexually mature in about 1 week; females in 2–5 weeks. Courtship is described. Mated females lay eggs in groups of 6–7 into unopenedSonchus arvensis L. flower buds. The fly weaves the ovipositor between the bracts into the bud so that the release of latex is avoided. The length of the ovipositor corresponds to the length of the oviposition route. At 24 °C the eggs hatch in 4–5 days and the larvae mature in an additional 9–10 days. The larvae transform the bud into a simple gall and consume developing ovaries and receptacle. Attacked buds rarely flower and therefore do not produce seed. Pupation lasts about 2 weeks. The flies overwinter as adults in Europe, but no diapause occurred in the laboratory. The growth of the gall affects larval survival and when food is scarce some larvae develop at the expense of others. The European distribution of the fly is illustrated.T. dilacerata is considered a promising biocontrol agent forS. arvensis in Canada.

Résumé

Sonchus arvensis L., une mauvaise herbe importante, endémique en Eurasie, est répandu au Canada et dans la partie septentrionale des États-Unis. Le téphritide européen,Tephritis dilacerata Loew., dépose ses œufs par groupe d'environ 6 dans les bourgeons floraux non éclos. Les œufs éclosent en environ 5 jours à 24 °C. Les larves muent 3 fois et accomplissent leur développement en 10 jours environ. Pendant le développement larvaire le bourgeon se transforme en une galle simple et tous les organes floraux sont consommés. En raison du développement asynchrone la mort de toutes les larves due à la concurrence alimentaire est la plupart du temps évitée. Les adultes sortent des galles 3 à 4 semaines après la ponte. Il n'y a pas de diapause au laboratoire et les données recueillies indiquent que les imagos hivernent en Europe. Des substances chimiques attractives peuvent être importantes pour la reconnaissance de la plante-hôte. La pariade et la copulation ont lieu sur la plante-hôte. Le comportement de ponte est approprié à la plante-hôte et la taille des bourgeons dans lesquels les œufs peuvent être pondus est limitée par la longueur de l'ovipositeur. Du fait que l'insecte est largement répandu en Europe et qu'il est étroitement lié àSonchus, genre dans lequel il n'y a pas de plantes alimentaires,T. dilacerata est un candidat prometteur pour la mise en œuvre de la lutte biologique contreS. arvensis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abramov, N. G. — 1969. Control ofCirsium arvense andSonchus arvensis. —Len Konop., 14, 34–35, Abstr. inWeed Abstracts, 20, 13 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, H. — 1955. Hallandska Zoocecidier. —Opusc. Entomol., 20, 132–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardö, P. — 1957. Studies in the marine shore ecosystem with special references to the dipterous fauna. —Opusc. Entomol. suppl. 14, 1–255 (not seen).

    Google Scholar 

  • Buck, J. B. — 1953. Physical properties and chemical composition of insect blood. In: Insect Physiology (K. D. Roeder, ed.). —John Wiley & Sons, New York, 147–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buhr, H. — 1965. Bestimmungstabellen der Gallen (Zoo- und Phytocecidien) an Pflanzen Mittel-und Nordeuropas. Band II. —Gustav Fischer, Jena. 2 Vol.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dirlbek, J. &Dirlbek, K. — 1963. On the fauna of fruit-flies[Diptera, Trypetidae] of Bulgaria. —Entomol. Obozr., 42, 845–854 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • —— — 1972. Prehled vyskytu vrtulovitych[Diptera, Trypetidae] z Balkanskedo poloostrova. —Sb. Jihoceského Muz. v Ceskych Budejovicich, Prir. Vèdy., 12 (suppl. 2), 55–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dirlbek, K. &Dirlbek, J. — 1960. Bemerkungen zum Vorkommen der Bohrfliegenfauna in Mâhren. —Cas. Morav. Mus., 45, 173–188 (In Czech.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dirlbek, K. & Dirlbek, J. — 1970. Das Vorkommen der Bohrfliegenarten auf dem Gebiete des Tatra-Nationalparks. Informationsbericht der Landwirtschaftlichen Hochschule Nitra—Biologische Grundlagen der Landwirtschaft Nr. 8, 1970. — Sammelschrift der Referate vom Seminar” Uber die Fauna der Westkarpaten”, Nitra, 26-27/XI/1969.

  • Drew, R.A.I. — 1969. Morphology of the reproductive system ofStrumeta tryoni (Froggatt)[Diptera: Trypetidae] with a method of distinguishing sexually mature adult males. —J. Aust. Entomol. Soc., 8, 21–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elberg, K. — 1962. Faunistic and ecological data on EstonianTrypetidae [Diptera]. —Faun. Märkm., Tartu., 1, 220–227, (In Estonian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankton, C. & Mulligan, G. A. — 1970. Weeds of Canada. —Can. Dep. Agric. Publ., 948, 217 pp.

  • Hendel, F. — 1927.Trypetidae. In: Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region (Lindner ed.). —E Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 49, 1–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henriksen, K. L. — 1944. Fortegnelse over de Danske galler (zoocecidier). Udgiver ofS. L. Tuxen, —Spolia Zool. Mus. Haun, 6, 1–212 (not seen).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hultén, E. — 1971. The circumpolar plants. II Dicotyledons. —Kungl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., Band 13, Nr. 1, 2 Vol.

  • Hunter, J. H. — 1974. Control of perennial weeds (summary). — Canada Weed Committee, Western Section,Research Report, p. 442.

  • Johansen, D. A. — 1940. Plant Microtechnique. —McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York & London, 523 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kröber, O. — 1935. Dipterenfauna von Schleswig-Holstein und den benachbarten westlichen Nordseegebieten. —Verh. Ver. Naturw. Heimatforsch., 24, 45–156 (not seen).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mihalyi, F. — 1959. A revision of the trypetids of the Carpathian Basin [Diptera]. —Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Natn. Hung., 51, 339–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • — — 1960. FurolegyekTrypetidae. —Magyaroszag Allatvillaga, 15, 1–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niblett, M. — 1940. Gall-causingTrypetidae. —Entomologist's Rec. J. Var., 52, 13–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peschken, D. P. &Harris, P., — 1975. Host specificity and biology ofUrophora cardui [Diptera: Tephritidae]. A biocontrol agent for Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense]. —Can. Entomol., 107, 1101–1110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prokopy, R. J. — 1972. Evidence for marking pheromone deterring repeated oviposition in apple maggot flies. —Environ. Entomol., 1, 326–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reed, C. F. — 1970. Selected Weeds of the United States. — U.S. Dep. Agr. Handb., No. 366, 463 pp.

  • Richter, V. A. — 1965. A review of the fauna of fruitflies [Diptera, Trypetidae] of Kazakhstan. —Entomol. Obozr. 44, 141–150, (in Russian). (not seen).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozhkov, A. S. — 1956. Contribution to the fauna and ecology ofTrypetidae [Diptera] of Moscow region. —Vsesoiuzn. Entomol. Obshch. Trudy, 45, 193–217 (in Russian) (not seen).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schröder, D. — 1974. The phytophagous insects attackingSonchus spp. [Compositae] in Europe. —Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Biol. Control Weeds, Montpellier, France, 120–123.

  • Tauber, M. J. &Toschi, C. A. — 1965. Life history and mating behavior ofTephritis stigmatica (Coquillett) [Diptera: Tephritidae]. —Pan-Pacif. Entomol., 41, 73–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, A. G. — 1976. Weed survey of cultivated land in Saskatchewan. —Report Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Regina, Saskatchewan.

  • Wahlgren, E. — 1919. Tvavingar. Diptera. Cyclorapha, Borrflugor. —Svensk. Insektfauna, 11, 248–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwölfer, H. — 1967. Observations onUrophora cardui L.[Trypetidae] — Commonw. Inst. Biol. Contr., Progr. Rep., 19, 11 pp.

  • — — 1968. Untersuchungen zur biologischen Bekampfung vonCentaurea solstitialis L. —Strukturmerkamale der Wirtspflanze als Auslöser des Eiablage verhaltens beiUrophora siruna-seva (Hg.) [Dipt., Trypetidae]. —Z. Angew. Entomol., 61, 119–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwölfer, H. — 1970. Investigations on the host-specificity ofUrophora affinis Frfld. [Dipt., Trypetidae]. —Commonw. Inst. Biol. Contr., Progr. Rep., 25, 28 pp.

  • Zwölfer, H. — 1972. Investigations onUrophora stylata Fabr., a possible agent for the biological control ofCirsium vulgare in Canada. —Commonw. Inst. Biol. Contr., Progr. Rep., 29, 20 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwölfer, H. — 1974. Innerartliche Kommunikationssysteme bei Bohrfliegen. —Biol. Uns. Zeit., 4, 147–153.Transl. Can. Transl. Bur., No. 957530).

  • Zwölfer, H., Englert, W., & Pattullo, W. — 1970. Investigations on the biology, population ecology and the distribution ofUrophora cardui L. —Commonw. Inst. Biol. Contr., Progr. Rep., 27, 17 pp.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

This study was supported by a National Research Council of Canada Postdoctorate Fellowship.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Berube, D.E. Larval descriptions and biology ofTephritis dilacerata [Dip.: Tephritidae], a candidate for the biocontrol ofSonchus arvensis in Canada. Entomophaga 23, 69–82 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02371994

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02371994

Keywords

Navigation