Abstract
The most common parasite ofC. bipustulatus larvae and pupae in Israel isH. flaminius [Hym., Encyrtidae]. A theory of the survival of hyperparasites through a mechanism which prevents overlapping of appearance was presented. The parasites, predators and pathogens which were found as well as those reviewed in the literature explain the low value ofC. bipustulatus in biological control of scale-insects in groves.
Résumé
Le parasite le plus commun des larves et des nymphes deC. bipustulatus en Israel estHomalotylus flaminius (Encyrtidae). Il a été montré expérimentalement que deux autres espèces,Achrysopophagus aegyptiacus etPachyneuron siculum, sont des hyperparasites des larves deH. flaminius.
Il est présenté une théorie de la survie des hyperparasites à l'aide d'un mécanisme qui empêche les chevauchements d'apparition.
Les autres hyménoptères parasites nouveaux, les fourmis les fourmilions et les champignons pathogènes ont une importance secondaire dans la réduction des populations deC. bipustulatus.
Les parasites, prédateurs et pathogènes que nous avons trouvés aussi bien que ceux mentionnés dans la littérature expliquent la faible valeur deC. bipustulatus pour la lutte biologique contre les cochenilles en vergers.
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Research financed in part by grant No. FG.-Is-227, U.S.D.A.
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Yinon, U. The natural enemies of the armored scale lady-beetleChilocorus bipustulatus [Col. Coccinellidae] . Entomophaga 14, 321–328 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02371114
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02371114