Abstract
An anatomical model in conjunction with experimentally determined absorption data provides a framework to simulate signals as obtained from the noninvasive Xenon-133 cerebral blood flow technique. The contribution of individual tissue compartments to the total signal as well as the effect on the computed results were investigated under normal conditions. The introduction of physiological abnormalities into the model allowed the determination of sensitivity of the technique with respect to size, position, and perfusion level of the lesion. In addition, effects of cross-talk between hemispheres and signal overlap of adjacent detectors were quantified. It was found that the change of externally measured blood flow is proportional to the decrement/increment of flow in the lesion. Contrary to earlier reports, the effects of cross-talk and signal overlap were not found to be serious limitations in identifying lesions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Attig, E.; Capon, A.; Dmeurisse, G., Vernas, M. Remote effect of deep-seated vascular brain lesions on cerebral blood flow. Stroke 21:1555–1561; 1990.
Bolmsjo, M. Hemisphere cross-talk and signal overlapping in bilateral cerebral blood flow measurements using Xenon-133. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 9:1–5; 1984.
Copp, D.H.; Shim, S.S. Extraction ratio and bone clearance of Sr-85 as a measure of effective bone blood flow. Circulation Research 16:461–467; 1964.
Donley, R.F.; Sundt, T.M.; Anderson, R.E.; Sharbrough, F.W. Blood flow measurements and the “look through” artefact in focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 6:121–131; 1975.
Evans, R.D. The atomic nucleus. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1955: pp. 785–818.
Gambarelli, J.; Guerinel, L.; Chevrot, L.; Mattei, M. Computerized axial tomography. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1977
Gur, D.; Yonas, H.; Wolfson, S.K.; Herbert, D.; Kennedy, W.H.; Drayer, B.P.; Shabason, L. Xenon and iodine enhanced cerebral CT: A closer look. Stroke 12:573–577; 1981.
Gur, R.C.; Gur, R.E.; Obrist, W.D.; Hungerbuhler, J.P.; Younkin, D.; Rosen, A.D.; Skolnick, B.E.; Reivich, M. Sex and handedness differences in cerebral blood flow during rest and cognitive activity. Science 217:659–661; 1982.
Hojer-Pedersen, E.; Petersen, O.F.; Changes of blood flow in the cerebral cortex after subcortical ischemic infarction. Stroke 20:211–216; 1989.
Holzman, G.B.; Wagner, H.N.; Iio, M.; Rabinowitz, D.; Zierler, K.L. Measurement of muscle blood flow in the human forearm with radioactive krypton and xenon. Circulation 30:27–34; 1964.
Jaggi, J.L. Analysis of the spatial resolution of noninvasive Xenon-133 cerebral blood flow measurements. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania; 1985. Dissertation.
Jaggi, J.L.; Obrist, W.D. Regional cerebral blood flow determined by133Xenon clearance. In: Wood, J.H., ed. Cerebral blood flow: Physiological and clinical aspects. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1987: pp. 189–201.
Kappers, C.U.A. The relative weight of the braincortex in human races and in some animals and the asymmetry of the hemispheres. J. Nerv. Ment. Disease 64:113–124; 1926.
Kety, S.S. Theory and applications of the exchange of inert gas at the lungs and tissues. Pharmacol. Rev. 3:1–41; 1951.
Landau, W.M.; Freygang, W.H.; Rowland, L.P.; Sokoloff, L.; Kety, S.S. The local circulation of the living brain: Values in the unanesthetized and anaesthetized cat. Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc. 80:125–129; 1955.
Lassen, N.A. Basic principles of CBF measurement by Xenon-133 and external recording by multiple stationary detectors. In: Knezevic, S.; Maximilian, V.A.; Mubrin, Z.; Prohovnik, I.; Wade, J., eds. Handbook of regional Cerebral Blood Flow. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates; 1988: pp. 25–35.
Meric, P.; Seylaz, J. Radiation scattering and the determination of regional cerebral blood flow by radioisotope clearance. Med. Prog. Technol. 5:41–46; 1977.
Obrist, W.D.; Thompson, H.K.; King, H.C.; Wang, H.S. Determination of regional cerebral blood flow by inhalation of 133-Xenom. Circ. Res. 10:124–135; 1967.
Obrist, W.D.; Thompson, H.K.; Wang, H.S.; Wilkinson, W.E. Regional cerebral blood flow estimated by 133-Xenon inhalation. Stroke 6:245–256; 1975.
Obrist, W.D.; Wilkinson, W.E. The noninvasive Xe-133 method: Evaluation of CBF indices. In: Bes, A.; Geraud, G., eds. Cerebral circulation. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1980: pp. 119–124.
Obrist, W.D.; Wilkinson, W.E. Regional cerebral blood flow measurement in humans by Xenon-133 clearance. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 2:283–327; 1990.
Obrist, W.D.; Wilkinson, W.E.; Wang, H.S.; Harel, D. The noninvasive Xe-133 method: Influence of the input function on computed rCBF values. In: Knezevic, S.; Maximilian, V.A.; Mubrin, Z.; Prohovnik, I.; Wade, J., eds. Handbook of regional cerebral blood flow. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates; 1988: pp. 37–50.
Olsen, S.T.; Larsen, B.; Skriver, E.B.; Herning, M.; Enevoldsen, E.; Lassen, N.A. Focal cerebral ischemia measured by the intra-arterial 133-Xenon method. Stroke 12:736–744; 1981.
Paulson, O.B.; Cronquist, S.; Risberg, J.; Jeppesen, F.I. Regional cerebral blood flow: A comparison of 8-detector and 16-detector instrumentation. J. Nuc. Med. 10:164–173; 1968.
Potchen, E.J.; Davis, E.O.; Wharton, T.; Hill, R.; Taveras, J.M. Regional cerebral blood flow in man. I. A. study of the Xenon-133 washout method. Arch. Neurol. 20:378–383; 1969.
Reivich, M. Observations on exponential models of cerebral clearance curves. In: Meyer, J.S.; Lechner, H.; Eichhorn, O. eds. Research on the cerebral circulation. Sprinfield: Ch. Thomas; 1969: pp. 135–144.
Risberg, J. Development of high-resolution two-dimensional measurement of regional cerebral blood flow. In: Wade, J.; Knezevic, S.; Maximilian, V.A.; Mubrin, Z.; Prohovnik, I., eds. Impact of functional imaging in neurology and psychiatry. London: John Libbey; 1987: pp. 35–43.
Sejrsen, P. Cutaneous blood flow in man studies by freely diffusible radioactive indicators. Scan. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. (Suppl 99):52–59; 1967.
Veall, N.; Mallett, B.L. The partition of trace amount of Xenon between human blood and brain tissue at 37 C. Phys. Med. Biol. 10:375–380; 1965.
Wyper, D.J.; Cooke, M.B.D. Compensating for hemisphere cross-talk when measuring CBF. Acta Neurol. Scan. 56 Supp 64):470–471; 1984.
Yeh, S.Y. Peterson, R.E. Solubility of krypton and xenon in blood, protein solutions, and tissue homogenates. J. Appl. Physiol. 20:1041–1047; 1965.
Yurgutis, A.A. Linear dimensions and indices of the human brain. In: Blinkov, S.M.; Glezer, S.M., eds. The human brain in figures and tables. New York: Plenum Press; 1968: p. 333.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jaggi, J.L., Obrist, W.D. & Noordergraaf, A. Signal analysis of noninvasive Xenon-133 cerebral blood flow measurements. Ann Biomed Eng 21, 85–95 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02367604
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02367604