Abstract
BAP (N 6-benzylaminopurine) was sprayed 5, 10 and 15 times at four different periods to promote flowering of a grafted Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) clone. Four stages were I, August 4 to September 1; II, September 6 to October 4; III, October 5 to November 14 and IV, November 30 to December 28, in 1994. Concentration of BAP was 250 mg/l. In May, 1995, no apical female strobili were observed at the top of the new shoots in any treatment. However, BAP application at stage III (floral differentiation period) produced lateral female and bisexual strobili at the lower part of new shoots. The numbers of lateral female and bisexual strobili were 87 out of 147 to 234 out of 162 new shoots. Frequency of BAP application did not affect the numbers. Marked decrease in number of male strobili induced by BAP application at stages I and II was observed. In contrast, the number of new shoots was increased by the BAP application at the above stages. Treatment at stage III and IV did not affect significantly the number of male strobili and new shoots. These results indicate that BAP application at stage III specifically induces the development of lateral female and bisexual strobili in Japanese red pine.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature cited
Bonnet-Masimbert, M. (1987) Floral induction in conifers: a review of available techniques. Forest Ecol. Manage. 19: 135–146.
Cecich, R.A. (1981) Applied gibberellin A4/7 increases ovulate strobili production in accelerated growth Jack pine seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 11: 580–585.
Cecich, R.A. (1983) Flowering in a Jack pine seedling seed orchard increased by spraying with gibberellin A4/7. Can. J. For. Res. 13: 1056–1062.
Cohen, M.A. and Shanks, J. (1975) Effect ofN 6-BA, GA3 and removal of terminal buds on dwarf shoot development inPinus ponderosa. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 100: 404–406.
Fujimoto, Y., Toda, T., Nishimura, K., Yamate, H., and Fuyuno, S. (1989) Breeding project on resistance to the pine-wood nematode—An outline of the research and the achievement of the project for ten years. Bull. For. Tree Breed. Inst. Jpn. 7: 1–84. (in Japanese with English summary).
Greenwood, M.S. (1982) Rate, timing, and mode of gibberellin application for female strobilus production by grafted loblolly pine. Can. J. For. Res. 12: 998–1002.
Harrison, D.L.S. and Slee, M.U. (1991) Gibberellin A4/7 enhanced flowering inPinus caribaea var.hondurensis. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 788–793.
Hashizume, H. (1959) The effect of gibberellin upon flower formation inCryptomeria japonica. J. Jpn. For. Soc. 41: 375–381. (in Japanese with English summary).
Hashizume, H. (1960) The effect of gibberellin upon sex differentiation inCryptomeria japonica strobilus. J. Jpn. For. Soc. 42: 176–180. (in Japanese with English summary).
Hashizume, H. (1966) Chemical regulation of flower-bud formation and flower-sex differentiation in conifers. Chem. Regul. Plants. 1: 148–156. (in Japanese).
Hashizume, H. (1968) Chemical regulation of flower-bud formation in conifers. J. Jpn. For. Soc. 50: 14–16. (in Japanese).
Hashizume, H. (1973) Studies on flower bud formation, flower sex differentiation and their control in conifers. Bull. Tottori Univ. Forests. 7: 1–139. (in Japanese with English summary).
Hashizume, H. (1985) Effect of gibberellins on the promotion of flowering inPinaceae species. Bull. Fac. Agric., Tottori Univ. 37: 80–87. (in Japanese with English summary).
Kanekawa, T. and Katsuta, M. (1982) Promotion of strobilus production inPinus thunbergii Parl. andP. densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. by gibberellin. J. Jpn. For. Soc. 64: 101–106.
Kanekawa, T. (1984) Promotion of strobilus production inCryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Pinus thunbergii andP. densiflora seed orchard by gibberellins. Bull. Ibaragi Pref. For. Exp. Stat. 14: 3–30. (in Japanese with English summary).
Kato, Y., Miyake, I., and Ishikawa, H. (1958) Stimulation of differentiation of flower buds in sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) by gibberellin. J. Jpn. For. Soc. 40: 35–36. (in Japanese).
Kato, Y., Fukuhara, N., and Kobayashi, R. (1959) Stimulation of differentiation of flower bud in conifer by gibberellin (I). J. Jpn. For. Soc. 41: 309–311. (in Japanese).
Katsuta, M. (1977) Promotion of flowering in thePinaceae by gibberellins. Rinbokunoikusyu 105: 1–4. (in Japanese)
Kawamura, K., Uetsuki, Y., and Ida, S. (1978) Promotion of flowering in pines by gibberellins. Ann. Rep. Kansai For. Tree Breed. Inst. 14: 39–42. (in Japanese)
Luukkanen, O. and Johansson, S. (1980) Effect of exogenous gibberellin on flowering inPinus sylvestris grafts. Physiol. Plant. 50: 365–370.
Pharis, R.P. and Kuo, G.C. (1973) Physiology of gibberellins in conifers. Chem. Regul. Plants. 8: 63–71.
Pharis, R.P. and Kuo, G.C. (1977) Physiology of gibberellins in conifers. Can. J. For. Res. 7: 299–325.
Pharis, R.P., Webber, J.E., and Ross, S.D. (1987) The promotion of flowering in forest trees by Gibberellin A4/7 and cultural treatments: A review of the possible mechanisms. Forest Ecol. Manage., 19: 65–84.
Ross, S.D. and Pharis, R.P. (1976) Promotion of flowering in thePinaceae by gibberellins. I. Sexually mature, non-flowering grafts of Douglas-fir. Physiol. Plant. 36: 182–186.
Ross, S.D. and Greenwood, M.S. (1979) Promotion of flowering in thePinaceae by gibberellins. II. Grafts of sexually mature and immaturePinus taeda L. Physiol. Plant. 45: 207–210.
Ross, S.D., Piesch, R.F. and Portlock, F.T. (1981) Promotion of cone and seed production in rooted ramets and seedlings of western hemlock by gibberellins and adjunct cultural treaments. Can. J. For. Res. 11: 90–98.
Ross, S.D. (1983) Enhancement of shoot elongation in Douglas-fir by gibberellin A4/7 and its relation to the hormonal promotion of flowering. Can. J. For. Res. 13: 986–994.
Ross, S.D., Bollman, M.P., Pharis, R.P., and Sweet, G.B. (1984) Gibberellin A4/7 and the promotion of flowering inPinus radiata: Effects of partitioning of photoassimilate within the bud during primordia differentiation. Plant Physiol. 76: 326–330.
Shidei, T., Akai, T., and Ichikawa, S. (1959) Flower buds formation on sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) and metasequoia (M. glyptostroboides) by gibberellic acid treatment (I). J. Jpn. For. Soc. 41: 312–315. (in Japanese)
Shidei, T., Ichikawa, S., and Kihira, Y. (1960) Flower-buds formation in sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) and metasequoia (M. glyptostroboides) by gibberellic acid treatment (II). J. Jpn. For. Soc. 42: 363–368. (in Japanese)
Stiff, C.M. and Boe, A.A. (1985) Effects of foliar-applied benzylaminopurine on fascicular bud development in Mugo pine. HortScience 20(2): 285–287.
Stiff, C.M., Wenny, D.L., Dumroese, R.K., Roberts, L.W., and Stiff, C.T. (1989) Establishment of western white pine shootsin vitro using needle fascicles. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 1330–1333.
Tompsett, P.B. and Fletcher, A.M. (1979) Promotion of flowering on maturePicea sitchensis by gibberellin and environmental treatments. The influence of timing and hormonal concentration. Physiol. Plant. 45: 112–116.
Wakushima, S., Yoshioka, H., and Masuhara, K. (1992) Propagation ofPinus densiflora (Japanese red pine) clone resistant to pinewood nematode.—Induction of shoot development with BAP application. Bull. Hiroshima Pref. For. Exp. Stat. 26: 15–22. (in Japanese with English summary)
Wakushima, S. and Yoshioka, H. (1993) Propagation ofPinus densiflora (Japanese red pine) clone resistant to pinewood nematode.—Effects of BAP application frequency and period to the number of shoot induction and form of shoots.—Bull. Hiroshima Pref. For. Exp. Stat. 27: 95–100. (in Japanese with English summary)
Wakushima, S., Yoshioka, H., and Sakurai, N. (1996) Lateral female strobili production in a Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) clone by exogenous cytokinin application. J. For. Res. 1: 143–148.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Wakushima, S., Yoshioka, H. & Sakurai, N. Promotion of lateral female strobili production inPinus densiflora by cytokinin application at a specific stage. J. For. Res. 2, 51–57 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02348263
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02348263