Summary
Intracavitary application of ultrasound was first performed for diagnostic purposes in 1967; since that time, it has been more and more widely used. As far as the gastrointestinal tract is concerned, endoscopically controlled ultrasonic probes provide visualization of the various layers of the intestinal wall. It is therefore possible to describe lesions of the esophagus, stomach, and the rectum with regard to their nature and depth of infiltration. Furthermore, periesophageal and perigastric organs can be visualized. It has become evident that endosonography is particularly important for pretherapeutic staging of tumors of the esophagus, stomach, and rectum. Here prospective comparative studies confirm the superiority of this new diagnostic procedure when compared to the methods available to date.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aibe T, Fuji T, Okita K, Takemoto T (1986) A fundamental study of normal layer structure of the gastrointestinal wall visualized by endoscopic ultrasonography. Scand J Gastroenterol 123 [Suppl]: 6–15
Alzin H, Kohlberger E, Schwaiger R, Alloussi S (1983) Valeur de l'échographie endorectale dans la chirurgie du rectum. Ann Radiol 26: 334–336
Becker R, Weitzel HK (1990) Vaginalendosonographie. In: Ziegler K (ed) Endosonographie-Technik und klinische Anwendung. Perimed, Erlangen (in press)
Bolondi L, Caletti G, Casanova P, Villanacci V, Grigioni W, Labo G (1986) Problems and variations in the interpretation of the ultrasound feature of the normal upper and lower GI tract wall. Scand J Gastroenterol 123: 16–26
Boscaini M, Montori A (1986) Transrectal ultrasonography: interpretation of normal intestinal wall structure for the preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 21 [Suppl 123]: 87–98
Chung CK, Zaino RJ, Striker JA (1982) Colorectal carcinoma: evaluation of histological grade and factors influencing prognosis. J Surg Oncol 21: 143–148
Clark J, Bankoff M, Carter B, Smith TJ (1984) The use of computerized tomography scan in staging and follow-up study of carcinoma of the rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet 159: 335–342
Cook AO, Levine BA, Sirinek KR, Gaskill HV (1986) Evaluation of gastric adenocarcinoma. Abdominal computed tomography does not replace celiotomy. Arch Surg 121: 603–607
Daffner RH, Halber MD, Postlethwait RW, Korobkin M, Thompson WM (1979) CT of the oesophagus. II. Carcinoma. AJR 133: 1051–1055
Dancygier H, Classen M (1986) How can we diagnose the depth of cancer invasion in the oesophagus? Endoscopy 18 [Suppl 3]: 19–21
Derchi LE, Biggi E, Neumaier CE, Cicio GR (1983) Ultrasonographic appearances of gastric cancer. Br J Radiol 56: 365–369
Di Candio G, Mosca F, Campatelli A, Cei A, Ferrari M, Basolo F (1987) Endosonographic staging of rectal carcinoma. Gastrointest Radiol 12: 289–295
Elster K (1977) Biopsie und Cytologie (in der Diagnostik und Therapie chirurgischer Erkrankungen). Langenbecks Arch Chir 345: 313–320
Feifel G, Hildebrandt U, Scherr O, Dhom G (1985) Comparison of digital examination and endorectal sonography. Br J Surg 72 [Suppl]: 120–124
Feifel G, Hildebrandt U, Dhom G (1987) Assessment of depth of invasion in rectal cancer by endosonography. Endoscopy 19: 64–67
Fékété F (1986) Survival rates of thoracic oesophageal carcinomas (abstract). International Oesophageal Week, Munich
Friedl P, Schlag P, Herfarth C, Buhl K (1988) Das Adenokarzinom des gastroösophagealen Überganges. In: Bünte H, Langhans P, Schreiber HW, Häring R, Reding R, Siewert JR (eds) Aktuelle Therapie des Kardiakarzinoms. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 120–130
Gordon SJ, Rifkin MD, Goldberg BB (1986) Endosonographic evaluation of mural abnormalities of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointest Endosc 32: 193–198
Gozzetti G, Maziotti A, Bolondi L (1986) Intraoperative ultrasonography in surgery for liver tumors. Surgery 99: 523–527
Grote R, Döhring W, Meyer HJ, Schmied W, Löhlein D (1984) Computertomographie bei malignen Tumoren des Magens. Fortschr Röntgenstr 141: 654–660
Häring R (1981) Chirurgie des Ösophaguskarzinoms. Edition Medizin, Weinheim
Hammerer P, Huland H (1990) Endosonographie der Prostata. In: Ziegler K (ed) Endosonographie-Technik und klinische Anwendung. Perimed, Erlangen (in press)
Hellriegel W (1987) Ösophagus. In: Diethelm L, Heuck F, Olsson O, Ranninger K, Strnad F, Vieten H, Zuppinger A (eds) Handbuch der medizinischen Radiologie, vol 19, part 1. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 483–490
Heyder N, Kaarmann N, Diedel J (1987) Experimental investigations into the possibility of differentiating early from invasive carcinoma of the stomach by means of ultrasound. Endoscopy 19: 228–232
Hodgman CG, MacCarty RL, Wolff BG, May GR, Berquist TH, Sheedy PF, Beart RW Jr, Spencer RJ (1986) Preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma by computed tomography and 0.15 T magnetic resonance imaging. Dis Colon Rectum 29: 446–450
Lee KR, Levine E, Moffat RE, Bigongiari LR, Hemreck AS (1979) Computed tomographic staging of malignant gastric neoplasms. Radiology 133: 151–155
Lübke HJ, Berges W, Frieling T, Jungblut RM, Wienbeck M (1988) Achalasie als Maske des Kardiakarzinoms. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 113: 1997–2003
Lutz H, Bauer U, Stolte M (1986) Ultraschalldiagnostik der Magenwand — experimentelle Untersuchungen. Ultraschall 7: 255–259
Mason YA (1976) Rectal cancer. The spectrum of selective surgery. Proc R Soc Med 69: 237–244
McDonald WC (1972) Clinical and pathologic features of adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia. Cancer 29: 724–736
Milbradt H, Jähne J, Meyer HJ, Galanski M (1988) Die Bedeutung der Sonographie beim präoperativen Staging des Magenkarzinoms. Fortschr Röntgenstr 148: 62–67
Moss AA, Schnyder P, Marks W, Margulis AR (1981) Gastric adenocarcinoma: a comparison of the accuracy and economics of staging by computed tomography and surgery. Gastroenterology 80: 45–50
Moss AA, Schnyder P, Thoeni RF, Margullis AR (1981) Esophageal carcinoma: pretherapy staging by computed tomography. AJR 136: 1051–1055
Nicholls RJ, York Mason A, Morson BC, Dixon AK, Kelsey Fry I (1982) The clinical staging of rectal cancer. Br J Surg 69: 404–409
Polensky A, Ziegler K, Sanft C, Gregor M, Friedrich M, Stein H, Riecken EO (1988) Endosonographische Befunde benigner und maligner Läsionen der Magenwand. Prospektiver Vergleich mit herkömmlichen Untersuchungsverfahren. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 113: 1263–1270
Quint LE, Glazer GM, Orringer MB, Gross BH (1985) Oesophageal carcinoma: CT findings. Radiology 155: 171–175
Radke C, Gundlach P, Ziegler K, Scherer H (1990) Möglichkeiten der Endosonographie beim Staging von Kopf-Hals-Tumoren (abstract). XVIII. Kongreß der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Endoskopie und bildgebende Verfahren, München
Romano G, De Rosa P, Vallone G (1985) Intrarectal ultrasound and computed tomography in the pre- and postoperative assessment of patients with rectal carcinoma. Br J Surg 72: 117–119
Salonen O, Kivisaari L, Standertskjöld-Nordenstam CG, Somer K, Virkkunen P (1987) Computed tomography in staging of oesophageal carcinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol 22: 65–68
Scott HW, Adkins RB, Sawyers JL (1985) Results of an aggressive surgical approach to gastric carcinoma during a twenty-three-year period. Surgery 97: 55–61
Siewert JR, Hölscher AH (1985) Operationsverfahren beim Karzinom des gastro-ösophagealen Überganges. In: Bünte H, Langhans P, Meyer HJ, Pichelmayr R (eds) Aktuelle Therapie des Magenkarzinoms. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 89–97
Siewert JR, Hölscher AH, Becker K, Gössner W (1987) Kardiacarcinom: Versuch einer therapeutischen Klassifikation. Chirurg 58: 25–32
Silverstein F, Kimmey M, Martin R, Haggitt R, Mack L, Moss A, Franklin D (1986) Ultrasound and the intestinal wall: experimental methods. Scand J Gastroenterol 21 [Suppl 123]: 34–40
Skinner DB, Little AG, Ferguson MK, Soriano A, Staszak VM (1986) Selection of operation for oesophageal cancer based on staging. Ann Surg 204: 391–400
Stöltzing H, Thon K, Pohl C, Mariß G, Röher HD (1989) Stellenwert des Computertomogramms für das präoperative Staging beim Magenkarzinom. Z Gastroenterol 27: 601–605
Strohm WD, Classen M (1983) Endoskopisch-sonographische Diagnostik der Magenwand. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 108: 1425–1427
Strohm WD, Phillip J, Hagenmüller F, Classen M (1980) Ultrasonic tomography by means of an ultrasonic fiberendoscope. Endoscopy 12: 241–244
Sussmann SK, Halvorsen RA, Illescas FF, Cohan RH, Saeed M, Silverman PM, Thompson WM, Meyers WC (1988) Gastric adenocarcinoma: CT versus surgical staging. Radiology 167: 335–339
Takemoto T, Aibe T, Fuji T, Okita T (1986) Endoscopic ultrasonography. Clin Gastroenterol 15: 305–319
Terrier F, Schapira C, Fuchs WA (1984) CT assessment of operability in carcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction. Eur J Radiol 4: 114–117
Thompson WM, Halvorsen RA, Foster WL Jr, Williford ME, Postlethwait RW, Korobkin M (1983) Computed tomography for staging esophageal and gastroesophageal cancer: reevaluation. AJR 141: 951–958
Tio TL, Tytgat GN (1984) Endoscopic ultrasonography in the assessment of intra- and transmural infiltration of tumors in the oesophagus, stomach and papilla of Vater and in the detection of extraesophageal lesions. Endoscopy 16: 203–210
Tio TL, Tytgat GNJ (1986) Endoscopic ultrasonography of normal and pathologic upper gastrointestinal wall structure. Scand J Gastroenterol 123 [Suppl]: 27–33
Tio TL, Cohen P, Coene PP, Udding J, Den Hartog Jager FCA, Tytgat GNJ (1989) Endosonography and computed tomography of oesophageal carcinoma. Preoperative classification compared to the new (1987) TNM system. Gastroenterology 96: 1478–1486
Tio TL, Schouwink MH, Likot JLM, Tytgat GNJ (1989) Preoperative TNM classification of gastric carcinoma by endosonography (ES) (abstract). Gastroenterology 95 [Suppl]: A444
Watanabe H, Kato K, Kato T, Tanaka M, Teresawa Y (1968) Diagnostic application of the ultrasonography for the prostate. Jpn J Urol 59: 273–280
Whiteway J, Nicholls RJ, Morson BC (1985) The role of surgical local excision in the treatment of rectal cancer. Br J Surg 72: 694–697
Winkler R (1980) Indikationen und Erfahrungen in der Strahlenbehandlung des Rektumkarzinoms als Grundlage adjuvanter Therapie, insbesonderer der Vorbestrahlung. Colo-Proctology 6: 388–391
Wood CB, Gillis CR, Hole D (1981) Local tumor invasion as a prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 68: 326–328
Ziegler K, Sanft C, Gregor M, Semsch B, Friedrich M, Häring R, Riecken EO (1988) Vergleichende Untersuchung zur Wertigkeit der Endosonographie für die präoperative Stadieneinteilung des Adenokarzinoms des gastroösophagealen Überganges. In: Bünte H, Langhans P, Schreiber HW, Häring R, Reding R, Siewert JR (eds) Aktuelle Therapie des Kardiakarzinoms. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 164–167
Ziegler K, Sanft C, Polensky A, Friedrich M, Gregor M, Riecken EO (1988) Der Beitrag der Endosonographie zur Differenzierung benigner und maligner Magenwandläsionen. Z Gastroenterol 4: 36–37
Ziegler K, Sanft C, Semsch B, Friedrich M, Gregor M, Häring R, Riecken EO (1988) The value of endosonography in staging tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract (abstract). Surg Endosc 2: 109
Ziegler K, Sanft C, Zeitz M, Stein H, Häring R, Riecken EO (1989) Endosonography as a new clinical tool in staging gastric carcinoma (abstract). Gastroenterology 95 [Suppl]: A443
Ziegler K, Sanft C, Friedrich F, Gregor M, Riecken EO (1990) Endosonographical appearance of the esophagus in achalasia. Endoscopy 22: 1–4
Ziegler K, Sanft C, Zeitz M, Friedrich M, Stein H, Häring R, Riecken EO (1990) Evaluation of endosonography in TN staging of esophageal Cancer. Gut (in press)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ziegler, K., Sanft, C., Zeitz, M. et al. Preoperative staging of gastrointestinal tumors by endosonography. Surg Endosc 4, 154–160 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02336595
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02336595