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Antonio Machado's knowledge of Bergson before 1911

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Notes

  1. Typical are the comments, for instance, of Lopez-Morillas, who describes Machado as a “buen bergsoniano” and “discipulo declarado de Bergson”,Intelectuales y espirituales (Madrid, 1961), 90, 78; and Sanchez Barbudo, who says that Bergson “tuvo sobre Machado una influencia indudable y decisiva”,El pensamiento de Antonio Machado (Madrid, 1974), 57; and J. M. Aguirre, “la presencia de Henri Bergson en lafilosofia de Antonio Machado . . . ha sido establecida ya sin dejar lugar a dudas”,Antonio Machado, poeta simbolista (Madrid, 1973), 111.

  2. Antonio Machado,Poestas completas (Austral, 9th edition, Madrid, 1962), 15.

  3. Ibid., 16.

  4. Eugenio Frutos, “El primer Bergson en A. Machado”,Revista de filosofia, XIX (1960), 119.

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  5. Segundo Serrano Poncela,Antonio Machado. Su mundo y su obra (Buenos Aires, 1954), 39.

  6. A. J. McVan,Antonio Machado (New York, 1959), 22.

  7. Aurora de Albornoz,La presencia de Miguel de Unamuno en Antonio Machado (Madrid, 1968), 29.

  8. Segundo Serrano Poncela, “Borrosos laberintos”,La Torre (Homenaje a Antonio Machado), XII (1964), 266.

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  9. Geoffrey Ribbans, prologue to Antonio Machado,Soledades, Galerias, Otros poemas (Barcelona, 1975), 12.

  10. José Luis Cano, prologue to Antonio Machado,Campos de Castilla (Madrid, 1974), 27.

  11. The dating of all poems is as given in Geoffrey Ribbans' edition,SGOP, op. cit., from which verse quotations are also taken.

  12. From a letter written to Federico de Onis in 1932, quoted by Arthur Terry,Antonio Machado: Campos de Castilla (London, 1973), 77.

  13. Nigel Glendinning. “The Philosophy of Henri Bergson in the Poetry of Antonio Machado”,Revue de la Litterature Comparee, XXXVI (1962), 51.

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  14. Eugenio Frutos, op. cit., 119; Sánchez Barbudo, op. cit., 64–5.

  15. Antonio Machado. Su mundo y su obra, 39, 43.

  16. For instance, Glendinning, op. cit., 54; Terry, op. cit., 85; and implicitly in Albornoz, op. cit., 77.

  17. Poestas completas, 19–20.

  18. Bergson's connexion with Symbolism has been argued, for instance, by Charles Serrus, who concludes, “L'oeuvre de Bergson nous a présenté ainsi une théorie profonde et compléte du symbolisme”, see his “La Pensée symbolisé et la Pensée pure”,Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale, XLVIII (1941), 282; and Tancrède de Visan. “L'Idéal symboliste: Essai sur la mentalité lyrique contemporaine”,Mercure de France, 15 July, 1907, pp. 193–208.

  19. Poestas completas, 20–1.

  20. See Bernard Sese,Antonio Machado (1875–1938), (Madrid, 1980), 33.

  21. See Ribbans,SGOP, 14.

  22. See J. M. Palacios, “Traductions espagnoles d'oeuvres de Bergson”,Les Etudes Bergsoniennes, IX (1970), 122; also Palau y Dulcet,Manual del librero hispanoamericano, vol. II (Barcelona, 1949), 180.

  23. Juan Ramón Jiménez,La corriente infinita (critica y evocacion), (Madrid, 1961), 228.

  24. Ibid., 231–2.

  25. Jiménez reviewedSoledades and MachadoArias tristes, both inEl Pais (Madrid, 1903), see, for instance, Ricardo Gullón.Relaciones entre Antonio Machado y Juan Ramon Jimenez (Pisa, 1964), 12.

  26. Revista de Aragon, II (1901), 312–14.

  27. Ibid., III (1902), 121–24.

  28. Ibid., IV (1903), 40.

  29. Ibid., nowCultura Española, IX (1908), 185–202, 567–584.

  30. Miguel de Unamuno,Obras completas, vol. V (Barcelona, 1958), 320–3.

  31. See Heliodoro Carpintero, “Un texto olvidado”, inLa Torre, XII (1964), 26–8.

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  32. For development of this point see Manuel Garcia Blanco, “Clarin y Unamuno”,Archivum (Oviedo), II (1952), 113–139, reprinted inLeopoldo Alas, “Clarin” ed. J. M. Martinez Cachero (Madrid, 1978), 82–97.

  33. See M. J. Valdés and M. E. de Valdes,An Unamuno Source Book (Toronto, 1973), 27.

  34. Obras completas, vol. 1, 487.

  35. Miguel Cruz-Hernandes, “Bergson et Unamuno”,Actes du X e Congrès des Societés de Philosophie de Langue Française (Congrès Bergson), (Paris, 1959), 81–3.

  36. See for instanceObras completas, XVI, 362. For Bergson's importance to Unamuno see Julian Marias,Miguel de Unamuno (5th ed. Madrid, 1971), 27–8.

  37. Manuel Garcia Blanco,En torno a Unamuno (Madrid, 1965), 217.

  38. Machado's letter was first quoted by Unamuno in his “carta abierta”,Helios, VIII (Madrid, August, 1903), and has since been quoted and commented upon by several critics, for instance Aurora de Albornoz, “Miguel de Unamuno y Antonio Machado” inAntonio Machado, ed. Ricardo Gullón and Allen W. Phillips (Madrid, 1973), 125.

  39. Bergson gave two lectures at the Ateneo, Madrid, 2 and 6 May, 1916, where he was introduced to his audience by Ortega y Gasset. Manuel Garcia Morente, Professor of Ethics at Madrid University, translated and published the lectures with a prologue,El alma humana (Madrid, 1917), republished in hisLa filosofia de Henri Bergson (Madrid, 1972). Undoubtedly, both these Spanish philosophers, who had enjoyed close contacts with the Residencia de Estudiantes of the Instituto, had formed an admiration for Bergson many years before. Bergson's reception at the Ateneo is documented inLes Études Bergsoniennes, IX (1970), 119. Unamuno's disappointment at Bergson's being unable to fulfil the planned visit to Salamanca is mentioned by Manuel Garcia Blanco,En torno a Unamuno, 593.

  40. SeeAntonio Machado ed. Ricardo Gullón and Allen W. Phillips, 31.

  41. See “Notas sobre la poesia”, dated June 15, 1914, in Manuel y Antonio Machado,Obras completas (Madrid, 1962), 1223.

  42. Henri Bergson,Œuvres (Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1959), 229.

  43. Claudio Guillén.Literature as System. Essays Toward the Theory of Literary History (Princeton, 1971), 253.

  44. Henri Bergson,Œuvres, 228.

  45. Ibid., 251.

  46. Bergson writes: “Nos perceptions sont sans doute impregnees de souvenirs, et inversement un souvenir, comme nous le montrerons plus loin, ne redevient present qu'en empruntant le corps de quelque perception où il s'insere. Ces deux actes, perception et souvenir, se pénètrent done toujours, echangent toujours quelque chose de leurs substances par un phénomène d'endosmose”. Ibid., 214.

  47. Ibid., 230.

  48. Ibid., 233.

  49. Ibid., 221.

  50. “Poetica”,Poestas completas, 21.

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  1. Romance Studies, Hugh Owen Building, University College of Wales, SY23 3DY, Aberystwyth, Wales

    Robert G. Havard

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Havard, R.G. Antonio Machado's knowledge of Bergson before 1911. Neophilologus 67, 204–214 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02334228

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