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Stresses at nozzle connections of pressure vessels

The techniques and methods used in analyzing three insert-type nozzles when loaded by internal pressure are reported and discussed

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Abstract

The presence of a nozzle in a pressure vessel creates a region of increased localized stress in the vicinity of the opening. The purpose of this study is to provide experimental data which show the general state of stress at nozzle openings. This paper is a report of the techniques and methods used in analyzing three insert-type nozzles when loaded by internal pressure.

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Abbreviations

S:

distance from the junction of the nozzle and the branch pipe, measured along the curve formed from the intersection of a β plane and the exterior or interior surfaces of the vessel. Positive is taken below the intersection

β:

angle between the longitudinal vertical plane (β=0 deg) of the vessel and any other vertical plane passing through the axis of the branch pipe

ϕ:

angle between the β plane and the direction of the principal stress σ1 measured toward the plane β=0 deg

σ1 :

principal normal stress within the surface tested that acts in a direction making the angle ϕ with respect to the β plane. In all planes except the 0, 90, 180 and 270-deg planes, this will always be the maximum principal stress

σ2 :

principal normal stress within the surface tested that is perpendicular to the principal normal stress σ1. In all planes except the 0, 90, 180 and 270-deg planes, this will be the minimum principal stress

τ:

principal shear in exterior and interior surface. It is calculated from

$$T = \frac{{\sigma _1 - \sigma _2 }}{2}$$

In some cases this is not the maximum shear at the point, being less than 1/2σ1.

Bibliography

  1. Taylor, C. E., andSchweiker, J. W., “A Three-Dimensional Photo-elastic Investigation of the Stresses Near a Reinforced Opening in a Reactor Pressure Vessel,”Proc. Soc. Exper. Stress Anal., XVII, No.1, 25 (1959).

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  2. Lee, George H., “An Introduction to Experimental Stress Analysis,” John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 49 and 54.

  3. Baumberger, R. andHines, F., “Practical Reduction Formulas for The Use on Bonded Wire Strain Gages in Two-Dimensional Stress Fields,”,2, No.1, 116 (1944).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.

    Donald E. Hardenbergh (Associate Professor of Engineering Mechanics)

Authors
  1. Donald E. Hardenbergh
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Hardenbergh, D.E. Stresses at nozzle connections of pressure vessels. Experimental Mechanics 1, 152–158 (1961). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02327586

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02327586

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