Abstract
Methods of selecting and preparing specimens and details of test procedures, including those for microstructural examination, are described for the investigation of uniaxial compressive strength of columnar-grained ice. It is shown that specimen strain rates are not constant for constant cross-head-displacement rate and that consequently the results are not representative of the constant strain-rate condition. Analysis shows that constant cross-head-displacement tests are more closely representative of the constant stress-rate condition. The paper also discusses failure strains, failure times, mode of failure and possible dependence of strength results on stiffness of the test system.
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Abbreviations
- A, B, C, D, α, β, θ, δ:
-
constants
- σ:
-
stress, MN·m−2
- σ1 :
-
unit stress=1 MN·m−2
- σ f :
-
upper yield or failure stress, MN·m−2
- t :
-
time, s
- t 1 :
-
unit time=1 s
- t f :
-
yield or failure time, s
- \(\dot x\) :
-
constant cross-head-displacement rate, cm s−1
- L :
-
specimen length, cm
- ∈:
-
strain
- ∈ f :
-
upper yield or failure strain (measured on sample sides in direction parallel to load axis)
- ∈ nf :
-
nominal yield or failure strain=\(\dot \varepsilon _n t_f \)
- \(\dot \varepsilon _{af} \) :
-
average strain rate to yield or failure, S−1 = ∈ f /t f
- \(\dot \varepsilon _p \) :
-
peak strain rate (measured on sample sides), s−1
- \(\dot \varepsilon _p \) :
-
nominal strain rate,\(s^{ - 1} = \dot x/L\)
- \(\dot \varepsilon _1 \) :
-
unit strain rate, 1 s−1
- \(\dot \sigma _{af} \) :
-
average stress rate to yield or failure, MN · m−2 s−1 = σ f /t f
- \(\dot \sigma _f \) :
-
effective stress rate during most of loading, MN·m−2 s−1
- E f :
-
failure modulus, MN · m−2 = σ f /∈ f
- E s :
-
effective system modulus,\(MN \bullet m^{ - 2} = \dot \sigma _f /\dot \varepsilon _n \)
References
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Sinha, N.K. Rate sensitivity of compressive strength of columnar-grained ice. Experimental Mechanics 21, 209–218 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02326843
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02326843