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A magnetic method for the determination of residual stress

Residual stress in the outer portions of nickel and steel rods is determined from inductance measurements at different frequencies

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Abstract

A magnetic method for the measurement of residual longitudinal stress in the outer portions of cylindrical bars is developed and applied to nickel and steel. It involves measurement of the reversible effective permeability over a range of frequency of the applied alternating field. Special composites specimens, in which any desired level of residual stress can be produced, serve as idealized test specimens. Magnetic stress measurements made on cold-drawn, machined and quenched rods are compared with measurements by X-ray diffraction and mechanical relaxation (slitting). A combination of magnetic and X-ray measurements yields qualitative information about the stress gradient in the outer portion of a bar.

A rapid magnetic-test method, suitable for practical application, is described.

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Abbreviations

B :

magnetic induction, gauss

C :

capacitance, farad

d :

diameter, cm

f :

frequency, Hz

f g :

limit frequency, Hz

f L :

low-frequency limit, Hz

H :

magnetic field, oersted

L :

inductance, henry

L o :

inductance of secondary coil, henry

R :

resistance, ohm

S :

stress sensitivity, pct/kg/mm2

S b :

cross-section area of test bar, cm2

S o :

cross-section area of secondary coil, cm2

V :

integrated output voltage, v

μ:

reversible permeability

μ eff :

effective reversible permeability

ϕ:

diameter, mm

ρ:

electrical resistivity, ohm-cm

σ:

stress, kg/mm2

References

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  2. Cullity, B. D., Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 431 (1956).

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  3. Iwayanagi, J. and Yoshinaga, A., Proc. 13th Japan Natl. Cong. Appl. Mech., 102 (1963).

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  6. McMaster, R. C., ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Ronald Press, New York, 36.13 (1959).

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  7. MacLachlan, N. W., Bessel Functions for Engineers, second ed. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 166 (1955).Note that McLachlan uses cgs electromagnetic units.

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  8. Dieter, Jr., G. E., Mechanical Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill, New York, 404 (1961).

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  9. McMaster, R. C., ed., Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Ronald Press, New York, 37–10 (1959).

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  10. Cullity, B. D., Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 271 (1956).

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  11. Nachtman, Elliot S., LaSalle Steel Co. Private communication.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan

    S. Abuku

  2. University of Notre Dame, 46556, Notre Dame, Ind.

    B. D. Cullity (Professor of Metallurgy)

Authors
  1. S. Abuku
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  2. B. D. Cullity
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Abuku, S., Cullity, B.D. A magnetic method for the determination of residual stress. Experimental Mechanics 11, 217–223 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02324218

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02324218

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