Skip to main content
Log in

Birefringent-fluid-flow method in engineering

The development of the two-dimensional birefringent-fluid flow was reviewed. Some results of the application in engineering are given. Recent extension into three-dimensional flows is also discussed

  • Published:
Experimental Mechanics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The theories of the birefringent flow are reviewed. The development of the experimental techniques, the search for suitable birefringent fluids, and the application of the method to various engineering problems are presented. The special scattered-light polariscope for the three-dimensional birefringent flow and the research to establish the three-dimensional flow-optic law are discussed. A few examples of three-dimensional flow through straight channels with various cross sections are given.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Maxwell, J.C., “Double Refraction of Viscous Fluid in Motion,”Proc. Roy. Soc. London,A22,46 (1873).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Mach, E., Optische-akustische Versuche, Calve, Prague (1873).

  3. Cerf, R. andScheraga, H.A., “Flow Birefringence in Solutions of Macromolecules,”Chem. Rev.,51,185 (1952).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Jerrard, H.G., “Theories of Streaming Double Refraction,”Chem. Rev.,59,345 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Wayland, H., “Streaming Birefringence of Rigid Macromolecules in General Two-Dimensional Laminar Flow,”J. Chem. Phy.,33,769 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Sutera, S.P. andWayland, H., “Quantitative Analysis of Two-Dimensional Flow by Means of Streaming Birefringence,”J. Appl. Phy.,32,721 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Peebles, F.N. andLiu, K.C., “Photoviscous Analysis of Two-dimensional Laminar Flow in an Expanding Jet,”Experimental Mechanics,5 (9),299–304 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Hirsch, A.E., “The Flow of a Non-Newtonian Fluid in a Diverging Duct, Experimental,”Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Prados, J.W., “The Analysis of Two-Dimensional Laminar Flow Utilizing a Doubly Reflecting Liquid,”Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Sutera, S.P., “Streaming Birefringence as a Hydrodynamic Research Tool,” Doctoral Dissertation, California Institute of Technology (1960).

  11. Humphry, R.H., “Demonstration of the Double Refraction Due to Motion of Vanadium Pentoxide Solution and Some Applications,”Proc. Phys. Soc. (London),35,217 (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Alcock, E.D. andSadron, D.L., “An Optical Method for Measuring the Distribution of Velocity Gradients in a Two-Dimensional Flow,”Physics,6,92 (1935).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hausor, E.A. andDewey, D.R., “Study of Liquid Flow,”Ind. Eng. Chem.,31,786 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Dewey, D.R., “Visual Studies of Fluid Flow Patterns Resulting from Streaming Double Refraction,” Doctoral Dissertation, Mass. Inst. of Tech. (1941).

  15. Hausor, E.H. andDewey, D.R., “Visual Studies of Flow Patterns,”J. Phys. Chem.,46,212 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Weller, R., Middlehurst, D.J. and Steiner, R., “The Photoviscous Properties of Fluids,” NACA Tech. Note No. 841 (1942).

  17. Weller, R., “The Optical Investigation of Fluid Flow,”J. Appl. Mech.,14,103 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ullyott, P., “Investion of Flow in Liquids by Use of Birefringent Colloidal Solution of Vanadium Pentoxide,”Trans. ASME,69,245 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Leaf, W., “Fluid Flow Study of Locomotive Fire Box Design,”Mech. Engr.,67,586 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Binnie, A.M., “A Double Refraction Method of Detecting Turbulence in Liquids,”Proc. Phys. Soc. (London),57,390 (1945).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Binnie, A.M. andFowler, J.S., “A Study of Double Refraction Method of the Development of Turbulence in a Long Circular Tube,”Proc. Roy. Soc.,A192,32 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Rosenberg, B., “The Use of Double Refracting Solutions in the Investigation of Fluid Flow Phenomena,” Navy Dept., David W. Taylor Model Basin Report No. 617 (1952).

  23. Peebles, F.N., Garber, H.J. and Jury, S.H., “Preliminary Studies of Flow Phenomena Utilizing a Double Refractive Liquid,” Proc. Third Midwestern Conference of Fluid Mechanics, Univ. of Minnesota Press (1953).

  24. Young, D.F., “Determination of Streamlines Using a Photoviscous Fluid,” Doctoral Dissertation, Iowa State College (1956).

  25. Wayland, H., “Streaming Birefringence as a Hydrodynamic Tool—Applied to a Rotating Cylinder Apparatus above the Transition Velocity,”J. Appl. Phys.,26,1197 (1955).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Swanson, W.M. and Ousterhout, D.S., “Hydrodynamic Studies Utilizing Streaming Birefringence,” Symposium on Rheology, ASME, New York (1966).

  27. Philippoff, W., “Flow Birefringence and Stress,”J. of Appl. Phys.,27,984 (1956).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Philippoff, W., “Stress-Optic Analysis of Fluids,”Acta Rheol,1,371 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Philippoff, W., “Studies of Flow Birefringence of Polystyrene Solutions,”Trans. Soc. Rheo,7,45 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Adams, E.B., Whitehead, J.C. andBogue, D.C., “Stresses in a Viscoelastic Fluid in Converging and Diverging Flow,”AICH. E. Jnl.,11,1126 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bogue, D.C. and Fields, T.R., “Stress-Birefringence Patterns of a Viscoelastic Fluid at a Sharp-Edged Entrance,”Trans. Soc. Rheo.,12 (1) (1968).

  32. Davis, H.L., “Stress-Birefringent Patterns of a Viscoelastic Fluid at a Sharp-Edged Entrance,”M.S. Thesis, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Durelli, A.J. andNorgard, J.S., “Experimental Analysis of Slow Viscous Flow Using Photoviscosity and Bubbles,”Experimental Mechanics,12 (4),169–177 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Schraub, F.A., Kline, S.J., Henry, J., Runstadler, P.W. andLittle, A., “Use of Hydrogen Bubbles for Quantitative Determination of Time-Dependent Velocity Fields in Low-Speed Water Flows,”J. Basic Eng.,89,771 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Weller, R., “Three-Dimensional Photoelasticity Using Scattered Light,”J. of Appl. Phys.,12,610 (1941).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Frocht, M.M. and Srinath, L.S., “A Non-Destructive Method for Three-Dimensional Photoelasticity,” Proc. Third U.S. Natl. Cong. of Appl. Mech., ASME, 329 (1958).

  37. McAfee, W.J. andPih, H., “A Scattered-Light Polariscope for Three-Dimensional Birefringent Flow Studies,”Rev. Scient. Instrum.,42,221 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. McAfee, W.J. and Pih, H., “Flow Through a Semicircular Pipe by Three-Dimensional Flow Birefringence Method,” Devel. in Mech.,6,Proc. of the 12th Midwestern Mechanics Conf., 277 (1971).

  39. McAfee, W.J. andPih, H., “Scattered-light Flow-Optic Relations Adoptable to Three-dimensional Flow Birefringence,”Experimental Mechanics,14 (10),385–391 (1974).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Horsmann, M., “Flow Birefringence Measurements of Three-Dimensional Velocity Profiles in the Entrance Region of a Rectangular Duct,” Paper presented at EUROMECH 62, University of Toulouse (1975).

  41. Merzkirch, W. and Horsmann, M., “Non-Intrusive Testing of Low-Reynolds Number Pipe Flows: Streaming Birefringence,” Paper presented at the XII Biennial Fluid Dynamics Symposium, 8–13 September 1975, Bialowieza, Poland.

  42. Swanson, W.M. andGreen, R.L., “Colloidal Suspension Properties of Milling Yellow Dye,”J. Colloid and Interface Sci.,29,161 (1969).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Peebles, F.N., Prados, J.W. andHoneycutt, E.H., “Birefringent and Rheological Properties of Milling Yellow Suspensions,”J. Polymer Sci:Part C (5),37 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Mayer, E.A., “Photoviscous Flow Visualization in Fluid State Devies,” Paper presented at Fluid Amplification Symposium, Harry Diamond Lab., Washington, D.C., 347 (Oct. 1965).

  45. Panitz, T. andWasan, D.T., “Flow Attachment to Solid Surfaces: the Coanda Effect,”AICHE J.,18,51 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Swanson, W.M. and Arnzan, R.J., “Blood Flow Visualization in Large Vessels,” Paper presented at 7th Annual Meeting of Soc. of Engrg. Science (Engineering Science in Biomedicine), St. Louis, Missouri (Nov. 1969).

  47. Durelli, A.J. andClark, J.A., “Experimental Analysis of Stresses in a Bony-Cable System Model Using a Birefringent Fluid,”J. Strain Analysis,7,217 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pih, H. Birefringent-fluid-flow method in engineering. Experimental Mechanics 20, 437–444 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02320884

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02320884

Keywords

Navigation