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Nosology of spastic tetraplegic cerebral palsy: clinical review of fifty cases

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Abstract

The aim of this study is to contribute to the definition of tetraplegic cerebral palsy (TCP) and to verify the classification criteria currently used by reviewing the clinical and neurological aspects of 50 children having non-progressive encephalopathy with neurological involvement of 4 limbs (symmetric 4-limb type, side-asymmetric type, upper-limb dominated type with or without dystonic traits).

All severe diplegic patients, i.e. less upper than lower limb involvement and patients with dystonic hyperkinetic syndrome without spastic features were excluded.

The data were supplied by the hospital records, evolution of motor performance and the presence or absence of epilepsy, visual problems, language disorders, intellectual impairment. All the children underwent: neurological examination, functional assessment, cognitive evaluation.

Severe motor impairment was found in 80% of the patients, whose clinical characteristics led to a diagnosis of severe TCP or “true TCP” according to Hagberg, whereas 20% of them showed mild to moderate impairment with a more favorable prognosis.

This group of patients complied with the classification of Michaelis who defined the quadrispastic CP types more broadly and delineated five subgroups also including cases with milder involvement (side-dominated, three-limb dominated tetraparesis).

The intellectual assessment showed that, in the severely affected patients, only a small percentage had severe intellectual impairment (IQ<50, 37,5%), which contrasts with published data on this pathology, while the majority of the subjects showed moderate (25%) or mild intellectual impairment (32,5%) or normal cognitive function (5%).

The presence or absence of dystonic traits did not influence the impairments considered in this study, except for the IQ data, which show a slight prevalence of severe intellectual impairment in the spastic group.

Sommario

Scopo di questo studio è di contribuire alla definizione del concetto di tetraparesi spastica e di verificare i criteri di classificazione.esistenti. È stata effettuata una revisione degli aspetti clinici di un gruppo di 50 bambini affetti da encefalopatia non evolutiva con compromissione grave ai 4 arti, con o senza tratti distonici.

Sono stati esclusi dallo studio i pazienti affetti da grave diplegia e quelli affetti da sindrome distonicoipercinetica senza segni di spasticità. I dati, ricavati dalla revisione delle cartelle cliniche, sono relativi all'acquisizione delle tappe di sviluppo motorio e alla presenza di deficit associati (epilessia, disturbi visivi e del linguaggio, compromissione intellettiva). Tutti i pazienti sono stati sottoposti a: a) esame neurologico, b) valutazione neurofunzionale, c) valutazione intellettiva. Dai dati risulta che l'80% dei pazienti presenta un grave deficit motorio le cui caratteristiche cliniche rispondono alla definizione di “severe tetraplegia” secondo Hagberg, mentre il restante 20% presenta und deficit motorio lievemoderato, le cui caratteristiche cliniche corrispondono meglio alla classificazione proposta da Michaelis che prevede anche quadri clinici di minore gravità. La valutazione intellettuale ha dimostrato che, nei pazienti con maggiore compromissione motoria, solo una piccola percentuale presenta un deficit intellettivo severo (Q.I.<50, 37,5%) in contrasto con i dati della letteratura, mentre la maggior parte dei pazienti ha un deficit intellettivo moderato (25%) o lieve (32,5%) o uno sviluppo cognitivo adeguato (5%). La presenza o assenza di tratti distonici non sembra influire sulla incidenza dei deficit associati considerati, eccetto per il deficit intellettivo che risulta più severo nel gruppo dei soggetti spastici.

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Fedrizzi, E., Botteon, G., Carpanelli, M.L. et al. Nosology of spastic tetraplegic cerebral palsy: clinical review of fifty cases. Ital J Neuro Sci 13, 415–421 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02312148

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02312148

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