Skip to main content
Log in

The research/practice gap in psychotherapy: From discovering reality to making sense

  • Published:
Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

It is widely accepted that a discontinuity or gap exists between clinical research and practice: research findings are not often reflected in the work which clinicians do. This is considered unsatisfactory and many suggestions have been made to bridge this gap. This paper is aimed to show that perception of such a discontinuity between research and practice flows from a way of thinking, an epistemology of realism or objectivity. From the perspective of a different epistemology, namely constructivism, no such gap exists. These two ways of thinking are contrasted in the paper and it is shown how adoption of a constructivist epistimology in research can circumvent some of the problems traditionally ascribed to the supposed research/practice gap.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson, H. & Goolishian, H. A. (1988). Human systems as linguistic systems: Preliminary and evolving ideas about the implications for clinical theory.Family Process, 27, 371–393.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, B. J. & Heath, A. W. (1987). Beyond objectivism and relativism: Implications for family therapy research.Journal of Strategic and Systemic Therapies, 6(1), 8–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auerswald, E. H. (1987). Epistemological confusion in family therapy and research,Family Process, 26, 317–330.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, J. (1977). Rapid induction analgesia: A clinical report.American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 19, 138–147.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, G. (1972).Steps to an ecology of mind. New York: Ballantine Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, G. (1979).Mind and nature: A necessary unity. New York: Dutton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capra, F. (1983).The turning point: Science, society and the rising culture. London: Flamgo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casti, J. L. (1989).Paradigms lost. Images of man in the mirror of science. London: Scribners.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L. H., Sargent, M. M. & Sechrest, L. B. (1986). Use of psychotherapy research by professional psychologists.American Psychologist, 41, 198–206.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colapinto, J. (1979). The relative value of empirical evidence.Family Process, 18, 427–441.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cottone, R. R. (1988). Epistemological and ontological issues in counselling: Implications of social systems theory.Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 1, 357–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dell P. F. (1985). Understanding Bateson and Maturana: Toward a biological foundation for the social sciences.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 11, 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumont, M. P. (1987, December). A diagnostic parable (First Edition-Unrevised).Readings: A Journal of Reviews and Commentary in Mental Health, 9–12.

  • Efran, J. S., Lukens, R. J. & Lukens, M. D. (1988). Constructivism: What's in it for you?The Family Therapy Networker, 12(5), 27–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel, G. L. (1992). How much longer must medicine's science be bound by a seventeenth century world view?Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 57, 3–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feixas, G. (1990). Personal construct theory and systemic therapies: Parallel or convergent trends?Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 16, 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, D. H. (1984). Reexamining guiding assumptions: Theoretical and methodological implications.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 461–466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fourie, D. P. (1990). Simulation in hypnosis research: The “hidden” role of attribution of meaning.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71, 560–562.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fourie, D. P. (1991). The ecosystemic approach to hypnosis. In S. J. Lynn & J. W. Rhue (Eds.).Theories of hypnosis: Current models and perspectives. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fourie, D. P. (1994).Hypnose: Ein ökosystemischer Ansatz. Munich: Quintessenz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fourie, D. P. & Lifschitz, S. (1988). Not seeing the wood for the trees: Implications of susceptibility testing.American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 30, 166–177.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fourie, D. P. & Lifschitz, S. (1989). Ecosystemic hypnosis: Ideas and therapeutic application.British Journal of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis, 6, 99–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fricton, J. R. & Roth, P. (1985). The effects of direct and indirect hypnotic suggestions for analgesia in high and low susceptible subjects.American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 27, 226–231.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillett, P. L. & Coe, W. D. (1984). The effects of rapid induction analgesia (RIA), hypnotic susceptibility and severity of discomfort on reducing dental pain.American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 27, 81–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goudsmit, A. L. (1989). By way of introduction: Can we make a non-classical psychology? In A. L. Goudsmit (Ed.).Self-organization in psychotherapy. Demarcations of a new perspective. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, J. L.; Griffith, M. E. & Slovik, L. S. (1990). Mind-body problems in family therapy: Contrasting first- and second-order cybernetics approaches.Family Process, 29, 13–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guba, E. G. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1988). Do inquiry paradigms imply inquiry methodologies? In D. M. Fetterman (Ed.).Qualitative approaches to evaluation in education. The silent scientific revolution. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (1983).Ethnography: Principles in practice. London: Tavistock.

    Google Scholar 

  • Havens, R. A. (1985).The wisdom of Milton H. Erickson. New York: Irvington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heisenberg, W. (1962).Physics and philosophy. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Held, B. S. & Pols, E. P. (1987). Dell on Maturana: A real foundation for family therapy?Psychotherapy, 24, 455–461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, E. R. (1980). Hypnosis in the treatment of pain. In G. D. Burrows & L. Dennerstein (Eds.).Handbook of hypnosis and psychosomatic medicine. New York: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, L. (1981).Foundations of family therapy. A conceptual framework for systems change. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, L. (1990). Constructing realities: An art of lenses.Family Process, 29, 1–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keeney, B. P. (1979). Ecosystemic epistemology: An alternative paradigm for diagnosis.Family Process, 18, 117–129.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keeney, B. P. (1982). What is an epistemology of family therapy?Family Process, 21, 153–168.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keeney, B. P. & Morris, J. (1985). Implications of cybernetic epistemology for clinical research: A reply to Howard.Journal of Counseling and Development, 63, 548–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenny, V. (1988). Autopoiesis and alternativism in psychotherapy: Fluctuations and reconstructions. In F. Fransella & L. Thomas (Eds.).Experimenting with personal construct psychology. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenny, V. (1989). Life, the multiverse and everything; An introduction to the ideas of Humberto Maturana. In A. L. Goudsmit (Ed.).Self-organization in psychotherapy. Demarcations of a new perspective. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirsch, I. (1991). The social learning theory of hypnosis. In S. J. Lynn & J. W. Rhue (Eds.).Theories of hypnosis: Current models and perspectives. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liddle, H. A. (1991). Empirical values and the culture of family therapy.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 17, 327–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Limacher, B., Dahler, E., Bosch, J. & Egli, N. (1991). Color me multi-colored: A note on problems in clinical research methodology.Family Systems Medicine, 2, 65–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindegger, G. (1992). Family dynamics of chronic pain patients. In J. Mason, J. Rubenstein & S. Shuda (Eds.).From diversity to healing. Durban: SAIMFT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loos, V. E. & Epstein, E. S. (1989). Conversational construction of meaning in family therapy: Some evolving thoughts on Kelly's sociality corollary.International Journal of Personal Construct Psychology, 2, 149–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacCorquodale, K. & Meehl, P. E. (1948). On a distinction between hypothetical constructs and intervening variables.Psychological Review, 55, 95–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maruyama, M. (1981). Endogenous research: Rationale. In P. Reason & J. Rowan (Eds.).Human inquiry. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masters, W. H. & Johnson, V. E. (1970).Human sexual inadequacy. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maturana, H. R. (1975). The organization of the living: A theory of the living organization.International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 7, 313–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maturana, H. R. (1983). What is it to see?Archivos Biologia Medicina Experimentales, 16, 255–269.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maturana, H. R. & Varela, F. J. (1980).Autopoiesis and cognition: The realization of the living. Boston: Reidel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melidonis, G. (1989). Exploring an alternative option for clinical research.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 10, 227–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrow-Bradley, C. & Elliott, R. (1986). Utilization of psychotherapy research by practicing psychotherapists.American Psychologist, 41, 188–197.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nadon, R. & Laurence, J-R. (1994). Idiographic approaches to hypnosis research (Or how therapeutic practice can inform science).American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 37, 85–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prigogine, I. & Stengers, I. (1984).Order out of chaos. New York: Bantam Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Retzer, A. (1991). Love's labour lost: Systemic therapy for a couple with somatic symptoms.Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 1(4), 1–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shor, R. E. & Orne, M. T. (1962).The Harvard group scale of hypnotic susceptibility, Form A. Palo Alto, CA.: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. L., Glass, G. V. & Miller, T. I. (1980).The benefits of psychotherapy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Speed, B. (1991). Reality exists O. K. ? An argument against constructivism and social constructionism.Journal of Family Therapy, 13, 395–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tesch, R. (1990).Qualitative research: Analysis types and software tools. London: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Gorp, W. G.; Meyer, R. G. & Dunbar, K. D. (1985). The efficacy of direct versus indirect hypnotic induction techniques on reduction of experimental pain.International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 33, 319–328.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varela, F. J. (1979).Principles of biological autonomy. New York: Elsevier/North Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viney, L. (1992). Social science research in the 1990's: The contribution of constructivism.International Journal of Personal Construct Psychology, 5, 295–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Foerster, H. (1981).Observing systems. Seaside, California: Intersystems Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Glasersfeld, E. (1984). An introduction to radical constructivism. In P. Watzlawick (Ed.).The invented reality. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wassenaar, D. R. (1985, November).Researching family therapy. Paper presented at the Third National Psychology Conference, Pretoria.

  • Watzlawick, P. (1990).Münchhausen's pigtail or psychotherapy and “reality”. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, A. N. (1959).Science and the modern world. London: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams L. M. (1991). A blueprint for increasing the relevance of family therapy research.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 17, 355–362.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fourie, D.P. The research/practice gap in psychotherapy: From discovering reality to making sense. J Contemp Psychother 26, 7–22 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02307702

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02307702

Keywords

Navigation