Abstract
It is widely accepted that a discontinuity or gap exists between clinical research and practice: research findings are not often reflected in the work which clinicians do. This is considered unsatisfactory and many suggestions have been made to bridge this gap. This paper is aimed to show that perception of such a discontinuity between research and practice flows from a way of thinking, an epistemology of realism or objectivity. From the perspective of a different epistemology, namely constructivism, no such gap exists. These two ways of thinking are contrasted in the paper and it is shown how adoption of a constructivist epistimology in research can circumvent some of the problems traditionally ascribed to the supposed research/practice gap.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, H. & Goolishian, H. A. (1988). Human systems as linguistic systems: Preliminary and evolving ideas about the implications for clinical theory.Family Process, 27, 371–393.
Atkinson, B. J. & Heath, A. W. (1987). Beyond objectivism and relativism: Implications for family therapy research.Journal of Strategic and Systemic Therapies, 6(1), 8–17.
Auerswald, E. H. (1987). Epistemological confusion in family therapy and research,Family Process, 26, 317–330.
Barber, J. (1977). Rapid induction analgesia: A clinical report.American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 19, 138–147.
Bateson, G. (1972).Steps to an ecology of mind. New York: Ballantine Books.
Bateson, G. (1979).Mind and nature: A necessary unity. New York: Dutton.
Capra, F. (1983).The turning point: Science, society and the rising culture. London: Flamgo.
Casti, J. L. (1989).Paradigms lost. Images of man in the mirror of science. London: Scribners.
Cohen, L. H., Sargent, M. M. & Sechrest, L. B. (1986). Use of psychotherapy research by professional psychologists.American Psychologist, 41, 198–206.
Colapinto, J. (1979). The relative value of empirical evidence.Family Process, 18, 427–441.
Cottone, R. R. (1988). Epistemological and ontological issues in counselling: Implications of social systems theory.Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 1, 357–365.
Dell P. F. (1985). Understanding Bateson and Maturana: Toward a biological foundation for the social sciences.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 11, 1–20.
Dumont, M. P. (1987, December). A diagnostic parable (First Edition-Unrevised).Readings: A Journal of Reviews and Commentary in Mental Health, 9–12.
Efran, J. S., Lukens, R. J. & Lukens, M. D. (1988). Constructivism: What's in it for you?The Family Therapy Networker, 12(5), 27–35.
Engel, G. L. (1992). How much longer must medicine's science be bound by a seventeenth century world view?Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 57, 3–16.
Feixas, G. (1990). Personal construct theory and systemic therapies: Parallel or convergent trends?Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 16, 1–20.
Ford, D. H. (1984). Reexamining guiding assumptions: Theoretical and methodological implications.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 461–466.
Fourie, D. P. (1990). Simulation in hypnosis research: The “hidden” role of attribution of meaning.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71, 560–562.
Fourie, D. P. (1991). The ecosystemic approach to hypnosis. In S. J. Lynn & J. W. Rhue (Eds.).Theories of hypnosis: Current models and perspectives. New York: Guilford.
Fourie, D. P. (1994).Hypnose: Ein ökosystemischer Ansatz. Munich: Quintessenz.
Fourie, D. P. & Lifschitz, S. (1988). Not seeing the wood for the trees: Implications of susceptibility testing.American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 30, 166–177.
Fourie, D. P. & Lifschitz, S. (1989). Ecosystemic hypnosis: Ideas and therapeutic application.British Journal of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis, 6, 99–107.
Fricton, J. R. & Roth, P. (1985). The effects of direct and indirect hypnotic suggestions for analgesia in high and low susceptible subjects.American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 27, 226–231.
Gillett, P. L. & Coe, W. D. (1984). The effects of rapid induction analgesia (RIA), hypnotic susceptibility and severity of discomfort on reducing dental pain.American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 27, 81–90.
Goudsmit, A. L. (1989). By way of introduction: Can we make a non-classical psychology? In A. L. Goudsmit (Ed.).Self-organization in psychotherapy. Demarcations of a new perspective. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Griffith, J. L.; Griffith, M. E. & Slovik, L. S. (1990). Mind-body problems in family therapy: Contrasting first- and second-order cybernetics approaches.Family Process, 29, 13–28.
Guba, E. G. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1988). Do inquiry paradigms imply inquiry methodologies? In D. M. Fetterman (Ed.).Qualitative approaches to evaluation in education. The silent scientific revolution. New York: Praeger.
Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (1983).Ethnography: Principles in practice. London: Tavistock.
Havens, R. A. (1985).The wisdom of Milton H. Erickson. New York: Irvington.
Heisenberg, W. (1962).Physics and philosophy. New York: Harper & Row.
Held, B. S. & Pols, E. P. (1987). Dell on Maturana: A real foundation for family therapy?Psychotherapy, 24, 455–461.
Hilgard, E. R. (1980). Hypnosis in the treatment of pain. In G. D. Burrows & L. Dennerstein (Eds.).Handbook of hypnosis and psychosomatic medicine. New York: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press.
Hoffman, L. (1981).Foundations of family therapy. A conceptual framework for systems change. New York: Basic Books.
Hoffman, L. (1990). Constructing realities: An art of lenses.Family Process, 29, 1–12.
Keeney, B. P. (1979). Ecosystemic epistemology: An alternative paradigm for diagnosis.Family Process, 18, 117–129.
Keeney, B. P. (1982). What is an epistemology of family therapy?Family Process, 21, 153–168.
Keeney, B. P. & Morris, J. (1985). Implications of cybernetic epistemology for clinical research: A reply to Howard.Journal of Counseling and Development, 63, 548–550.
Kenny, V. (1988). Autopoiesis and alternativism in psychotherapy: Fluctuations and reconstructions. In F. Fransella & L. Thomas (Eds.).Experimenting with personal construct psychology. London: Routledge.
Kenny, V. (1989). Life, the multiverse and everything; An introduction to the ideas of Humberto Maturana. In A. L. Goudsmit (Ed.).Self-organization in psychotherapy. Demarcations of a new perspective. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Kirsch, I. (1991). The social learning theory of hypnosis. In S. J. Lynn & J. W. Rhue (Eds.).Theories of hypnosis: Current models and perspectives. New York: Guilford.
Liddle, H. A. (1991). Empirical values and the culture of family therapy.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 17, 327–348.
Limacher, B., Dahler, E., Bosch, J. & Egli, N. (1991). Color me multi-colored: A note on problems in clinical research methodology.Family Systems Medicine, 2, 65–68.
Lindegger, G. (1992). Family dynamics of chronic pain patients. In J. Mason, J. Rubenstein & S. Shuda (Eds.).From diversity to healing. Durban: SAIMFT.
Loos, V. E. & Epstein, E. S. (1989). Conversational construction of meaning in family therapy: Some evolving thoughts on Kelly's sociality corollary.International Journal of Personal Construct Psychology, 2, 149–167.
MacCorquodale, K. & Meehl, P. E. (1948). On a distinction between hypothetical constructs and intervening variables.Psychological Review, 55, 95–107.
Maruyama, M. (1981). Endogenous research: Rationale. In P. Reason & J. Rowan (Eds.).Human inquiry. New York: Wiley.
Masters, W. H. & Johnson, V. E. (1970).Human sexual inadequacy. Boston: Little, Brown.
Maturana, H. R. (1975). The organization of the living: A theory of the living organization.International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 7, 313–333.
Maturana, H. R. (1983). What is it to see?Archivos Biologia Medicina Experimentales, 16, 255–269.
Maturana, H. R. & Varela, F. J. (1980).Autopoiesis and cognition: The realization of the living. Boston: Reidel.
Melidonis, G. (1989). Exploring an alternative option for clinical research.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 10, 227–232.
Morrow-Bradley, C. & Elliott, R. (1986). Utilization of psychotherapy research by practicing psychotherapists.American Psychologist, 41, 188–197.
Nadon, R. & Laurence, J-R. (1994). Idiographic approaches to hypnosis research (Or how therapeutic practice can inform science).American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 37, 85–94.
Prigogine, I. & Stengers, I. (1984).Order out of chaos. New York: Bantam Books.
Retzer, A. (1991). Love's labour lost: Systemic therapy for a couple with somatic symptoms.Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 1(4), 1–27.
Shor, R. E. & Orne, M. T. (1962).The Harvard group scale of hypnotic susceptibility, Form A. Palo Alto, CA.: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Smith, M. L., Glass, G. V. & Miller, T. I. (1980).The benefits of psychotherapy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Speed, B. (1991). Reality exists O. K. ? An argument against constructivism and social constructionism.Journal of Family Therapy, 13, 395–409.
Tesch, R. (1990).Qualitative research: Analysis types and software tools. London: Falmer Press.
Van Gorp, W. G.; Meyer, R. G. & Dunbar, K. D. (1985). The efficacy of direct versus indirect hypnotic induction techniques on reduction of experimental pain.International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 33, 319–328.
Varela, F. J. (1979).Principles of biological autonomy. New York: Elsevier/North Holland.
Viney, L. (1992). Social science research in the 1990's: The contribution of constructivism.International Journal of Personal Construct Psychology, 5, 295–305.
Von Foerster, H. (1981).Observing systems. Seaside, California: Intersystems Publications.
Von Glasersfeld, E. (1984). An introduction to radical constructivism. In P. Watzlawick (Ed.).The invented reality. New York: Norton.
Wassenaar, D. R. (1985, November).Researching family therapy. Paper presented at the Third National Psychology Conference, Pretoria.
Watzlawick, P. (1990).Münchhausen's pigtail or psychotherapy and “reality”. New York: Norton.
Whitehead, A. N. (1959).Science and the modern world. London: Cambridge University Press.
Williams L. M. (1991). A blueprint for increasing the relevance of family therapy research.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 17, 355–362.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fourie, D.P. The research/practice gap in psychotherapy: From discovering reality to making sense. J Contemp Psychother 26, 7–22 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02307702
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02307702