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Designing technology to support reflection

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Abstract

Technology can play a powerful role in supporting student reflection. Sociocognitive theories provide a conceptual framework that we use to consider systems that afford reflective thinking. Reflective thinking involves actively monitoring, evaluating, and modifying one's thinking and comparing it to both expert models and peers. This requires a combination of both individual and collaborative reflection. These theoretical frameworks suggest four ways that technology can provide powerful scaffolding for reflection: (a) process displays, (b) process prompts, (c) process models, and (d) a forum for reflective social discourse. Each approach is presented with specific examples illustrating its design features. We argue that a systems approach that combines these different scaffolding techniques may be even more powerful. Modern technologies can provide students with rich resources for reflection and help students develop adaptive learning expertise through reflective practice. We conclude with a discussion of design issues that should be considered in the future.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. the Department of Teaching and Learning and the Learning Technology Center, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville

    Xiaodong Lin

  2. the Department of Educational Psychology at the Graduate School of Education, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ

    Cindy Hmelo

  3. the Department of Teaching and Learning and the Learning Technology Center, Peabody College, USA

    Charles K. Kinzer

  4. the Learning Technology Center, Peabody College, USA

    Teresa J. Secules

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  1. Xiaodong Lin
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  2. Cindy Hmelo
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  3. Charles K. Kinzer
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  4. Teresa J. Secules
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The preparation of this article was supported by a Vanderbilt University Research Council grant and a Spencer Fellowship to the first author. The ideas expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the positions of the granting agencies. We thank John Bransford, Allan Collins, Ben Loh and Susan Williams for their insightful suggestions on drafts of this article. We also thank Eliot Soloway, Shari Jackson Metcalf and the highly interactive computing group at the University of Michigan for their permission to use the graphics of the Model-It program. Finally, we thank the reviewers for their comments and suggestions.

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Lin, X., Hmelo, C., Kinzer, C.K. et al. Designing technology to support reflection. ETR&D 47, 43–62 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02299633

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