References
Andren, J. H. (1987, December). Surviving an expert system.Financial Technology Forum, 45–46.
Anderson, J. G., & Jay, S. J. (1987). Computers and clinical medicine: Implications for the practice of medicine. In J. G. Anderson & S. J. Jay (Eds.),Use and impact of computers in clinical medicine (pp. 68–65). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Blum, R. L. (1987). Artificial intelligence: The computer as consultant.Computer News for Physicians, 5(10), 3–13.
Denning, P. (1988). Blindness in designing intelligent systems.American Scientist, 76, 118–120.
Epp, H. J., Kalin, M., & Miller, D. (1988). PC software for artificial intelligence applications.Science, 240, 824–830.
Grabinger, R. S. (1988). Structuring knowledge for expert system solutions.Performance & Instruction, 27(6), 1–4.
Harmon, P. (1987). Intelligent job aids: How AI will change training in the next five years. In Greg Kearsley (Ed.),Artificial intelligence and instruction: Applications and methods (pp. 165–190). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Hudsen, D. L., & Cohen, M. E. (1985). The role of user-interface in a medical expert system. In M. J. Ackerman (Ed.)Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (pp. 232–236). New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering.
Hupp, J. A., Cimino, J. J., Hoffer, E. P., Lowe, H. J., & Barnett, G. O. (1986). DXplain: A computer-based diagnostic knowledge base. In R. Salamon, B. Blum, & M. Jorgensen (Eds.),Proceedings of the Fifth Conference of Medical Informatics (pp. 117–121). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Leonard-Barton, D., & Sviokla, J. J. (1988, March–April). Putting expert systems to work.Harvard Business Review, 91–98.
Porter, G. L. (1988, May–June). Expert systems: Machines that think like you—sometimes better.Financial Executive, 44–49.
Rennels, G. D., & Shortliffe, E. H. (1987). Advanced computer systems for medicine.Scientific American, 257(4), 154–161.
Richards, B. F. (1988). Intelligent job aids for professionals: Lessons learned from medicine.Performance Improvement Quarterly, 1(1), 19–32.
Ryan, J. L. (1988, April). Expert systems in the future: The redistribution of power.Journal of Systems Management, 18–21.
Singer, J., Sacks, H. S., Lucente, F., & Chalmers, T. C. (1987). An analysis of physician attitudes regarding computer-based clinical consultation systems. In J. G. Anderson & S. J. Jay (Eds.),Use and impact of computers in clinical medicine (pp. 58–65). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Swartz, W. B., Patil, R. S., & Szolovits, P. (1987). Artificial intelligence in medicine: Where do we stand?New England Journal of Medicine, 316(11), 685–687.
Teach, R. L., & Shortliffe, E. H. (1987). An analysis of physician attitudes regarding computer-based clinical consultation systems. In J. G. Anderson & S. J. Jay (Eds.),Use and impact of computers in clinical medicine (pp. 68–65). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Time. (1988, March 28). Putting knowledge to work, p. 60.
Welsh, J. R., & Wilson, B. G. (1987). Expert system shells: Tools to aid human performance.Journal of Instructional Development, 10(2), 15–19.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Richards, B.F. Should instructional designers design expert systems?. ETR&D 37, 63–71 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02299058
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02299058