Skip to main content
Log in

Cohesion of the primary social network and sustained service use before the first psychiatric hospitalization

  • Regular Articles
  • Published:
The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study analyzed the relationship between social network dynamics and initial help-seeking behaviors. The primary social network was reconstructed for the period beginning with initial observation of unusual behavior and ending with first psychiatric hospitalization. The social network's influence was analyzed based on the concept of social network cohesion, considering both structure and content of social ties. The results demonstrate that networks succeed in referring the family member to services and in maintaining a clinical follow-up to the degree that they are cohesive. When a network lacks cohesiveness, the onset and development of problem behaviors are less easily recognized. These findings confirm the importance of social and interactional contexts in decision-making processes leading to use of psychiatric services and specify the roles they play.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Horsfall J. Mainstream approaches to mental health and illness: an emphasis on individuals and a de-emphasis of inequalities.Health. 1998;2:217–231.

    Google Scholar 

  2. House JS, Umberson D, Landis KR. Structures and processes of social support.Annual Review of Sociology. 1988;14:293–318.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kasl SV, Cobb S. Health behavior, illness behavior, and sick-role behavior: I. Health and illness behavior.Archives of Environmental Health. 1966;12:246–266.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Berkman LF, Syme SL. Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: a nine-year follow-up of Alameda country residents.The American Journal of Epidemiology. 1979;109:186–204.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cohen S, Syme L, eds.Social Support and Health. New York: Academic Press; 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Mechanic D.Medical Sociology. 2nd ed. New York: The Free Press; 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Pescosolido BA. Beyond rational choice: the social dynamics of how people seek help.American Journal of Sociology. 1992;97:1096–1138.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Pescosolido BA. Illness careers and network ties: a conceptual model of utilization and compliance. In: Albrecht G, Levy J, ed.Advances in Medical Sociology. Greenwich, CT: JAI; 1991:161–184.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Rogler LH, Cortes DE. Help-seeking pathways: a unifying concept in mental health care.American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993;150:554–561.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Pescosolido BA, Kronenfeld JJ. Health, illness and healing in an uncertain era: challenges from and for medical sociology.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1995;36:5–33.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Lapierre JW.L'Analyse des Systèmes: L'Application aux Sciences Sociales. Paris, France: Syros; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Britten N, Jones R, Murphy E, et al. Qualitative research methods in general practice and primary care.Family Practice. 1995;12:104–114.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Mays N, Pope C. Rigour and qualitative research.British Medical Journal. 1995;311:109–112.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kasper JD. Health-care utilization and barriers to health care. In: Albrecht GL, Fitzpatrickm R, Scrimshaw SC, eds.Handbook of Social Studies in Health and Medicine. London: Sage Publications; 2000:323–338.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Wynne LC, Ryckoff IM, Day J, et al. Pseudomutuality in the family relations of schizophrenics.Psychiatry. 1958;21:205–220.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Olson DH, McCubbin HI, Barnes HL, et al.Families: What Makes Them Work. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Durkheim E.Suicide. New York: The Free Press; 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Mizruchi MS. Cohesion, equivalence, and similarity of behavior: a theoretical and empirical assessment.Social Networks. 1993;15:275–307.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Scott J.Social Network Analysis: A Handbook. London: Sage Publications; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Erickson B. The relational basis of attitudes. In: Wellman B, Berkowitz SD, eds.Social Structures: A Network Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1988:99–121.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Vaux A.Social Support: Theory, Research, and Intervention. New York: Praeger; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Israel BA, Schurman SJ. Social support, control, and the stress process. In: Glanz K, Lewis FM, Rimer K, eds.Health Behavior and Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1990:187–215.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Clinard MB, Meier RF.Sociology of Deviant Behavior. 7th ed. Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart & Winston; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Umberson D. Family status and health behaviors: social control as a dimension of social integration.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1987;28:306–319.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Wellman B. The community question: the intimate networks of East Yorkers.American Journal of Sociology. 1979;84:1201–1231.

    Google Scholar 

  26. World Health Organization.Mental Disorders: Glossary and Guide to Their Classification in Accordance with the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9). Geneva: WHO; 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Perrucci R, Targ DB. Network structure and reactions to primary deviance of mental patients.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1982;23:2–17.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Carpentier N, Lesage A, White D. Family influence on the first stages of the trajectory of patients diagnosed with severe psychiatric disorders.Family Relations. 1999;48:397–403.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Brugha TS, Bebbington PE, MacCarthy B, et al. Social networks, social support and the type of depressive illness.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1987;76:664–673.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Brown S, Birtwistle J. People with schizophrenia and their families: fifteen-year outcome.British Journal of Psychiatry. 1998;173:139–144.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Greenley JR, Mechanic D. Social selection in seeking help for psychological problems.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1976;17:249–262.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Kessler R, McGonagle K, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey.Archives of General Psychiatry. 1994;51:8–19.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Padgett DK, Patrick C, Burns B, et al. Ethnicity and the use of outpatient mental health services in a national insured population.American Journal of Public Health. 1994;84:222–226.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Strecher VM, Rosenstock IM. The health belief model. In: Glanz K, Lewis FM, Rimer BK, eds.Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory Research and Practice. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Andersen RM. Revisiting the behavioral model and access to medical care: does it matter?Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1995;36:1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Hammer M. Social support, social network, and schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1981;7:45–57.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Freeman LC, Freeman SC, Michaelson AG. On human intelligence.Journal of Social and Social Biological Structure. 1988;11:415–425.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Häfner H, Riecher-Rössler A, Hambrecht M, et al. IRAOS: an instrument for the assessment of the onset and early course of schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Research. 1992;6:209–223.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Thoits PA. Stress, coping, and social support processes: where are we? What next?Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1995;(extra issue):53–79.

  40. Giddens A.La Constitution de la Société. Paris, France: PUF; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Antonovsky A.Health, Stress and Coping. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  42. McCubbin HI, Thompson EA, Thompson AI, et al.Stress, Coping and Health in Families: Sense of Coherence and Resiliency. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Turner RJ. Social support and coping. In: Horwitz AV, Scheid TL, eds.A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health. Social Context, Theories, and Systems. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1999:198–210.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Wellman B, Wortley S. Different strokes from different folks: community ties and social support.American Journal of Sociology. 1990;96:558–588.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Lin N, Westcott J. Marital engagement/disengagement, social networks, and mental health. In: Eckenrode J, ed.The Social Context of Coping. New York: Plenum Press; 1991:213–237.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Mitchell ME. The relationship between social network variables and the utilization of mental health services.Journal of Community Psychology. 1989;17:258–266.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Scull A. Competing perspectives on deviance.Deviant Behavior. 1984;5:275–289.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Schissel B, Mahood L, eds.Social Control in Canada. Toronto: Oxford University Press; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Berkman LF, Glass T. Social integration, social networks, social support, and health. In; Berkman LF, Kawachi I, eds.Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000:137–173.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Deutschmann LB.Deviance & Social Control. Scarborough, ON, Canada: Nelson Canada; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Horwitz AV.The Social Control of Mental Illness. New York: Academic Press; 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Hedström P, Swedberg R. Social mechanisms: an introductory essay. In: Hedström P, ed.Social Mechanisms: An Analytical Approach to Social Theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1998:1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Pescosolido BA, Boyer CA. How do people come to use mental health services? Current knowledge and changing perspectives. In: Horwitz AV, Scheid TL, eds.A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1999:392–411.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Lin K-M, Inui TS, Kleinman AM, et al. Sociocultural determinants of the help-seeking behavior of patients with mental illness.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1982;170:78–85.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Lefley HP.Family Caregiving in Mental Illness. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Pescosolido BA, Wright ER, Sullivan WP. Communities of care: a theoretical perspective on case management models in mental health.Advances in Medical Sociology. 1995;6:37–79.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Biegel DE, Tracy EM, Corvo KN. Strengthening social networks: intervention strategies for mental health case managers.Health & Social Work. 1994;19:206–216.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Horwitz AV.The Logic of Social Control. New York: Plenum Press; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Marsh DT, Johnson DL. The family experience of mental illness: implications for intervention.Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 1997;28:229–237.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Normand Carpentier PhD.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Carpentier, N., White, D. Cohesion of the primary social network and sustained service use before the first psychiatric hospitalization. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 29, 404–418 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02287347

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02287347

Keywords

Navigation