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J. Bugnicourt,Disparités Régionales et Aménagement du Territoire en Afrique, Paris, A. Colin, 1971.
Data 1968, in M. Eliou, ‘Scolarisation et Promotion Féminines en Afrique Francophone’,International Review of Education (Hamburg), Vol. XIX, No. 1, 1973, p. 35.
Data 1967, in M. Eliou, ‘Scolarité Primaire et Accès du Second Degré au Niger et au Sénégal’,Tiers-Monde, Vol. XI, No. 44, October–December 1970.
‘They [i.e. denominations and ethnic groups] are regarded with such suspicion that in some States reference is no longer made to their existence’ (G. Sautter, ‘Les Ruraux dans les Villes. Genèse et Différenciation des Sociétés Urbaines’,La Croissance Urbaine en Afrique Noire et à Madagascar, Colloques Internationaux du CNRS, Paris, Vol. 1, p. 84.
Les Rendements de l'Enseignement du Premiet Degré en Afrique Francophone, Vol. V, by I. Deble in collaboration with V. Campion-Vincent, M. Eliou, R. Mingasson and J. Aguirre.
J.-Y. Martin, ‘Inégalités Régionales et Inégalités Sociales: l'Enseignement Secondaire au Cameroun Septentrional’, contribution to the Congrès International des Sciences de l'Éducation, Paris, September 1973. Subsequently published inRevue Française de Sociologie, Vol. XVI, 1975, p. 317–34.
J. Lombard, ‘Tribalisme et Intégration Nationale en Afrique Noire,L'Homme et la Société, No. 12, April–June 1969, p. 69–86.
P. Mercier, ‘Remarques sur la Signification du “Tribalisme” Actuel en Afrique Noire’,Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, No. 31, 1961, p. 64–5.
Im. Wallerstein, ‘Ethnicity and National Integration’,Cahier d'Études Africaines, No. 3, 1960, p. 129–39.
L. Beltran, ‘Dualisme et Pluralisme en Afrique Tropicale Indépendante’,Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, No. 47, July–December 1969, p. 116.
K. H. Hoerning, ‘Nouveaux États de l'Afrique Tropicale’, in A. Abdel-Malek (ed.),Sociologie de l'Impérialisme, p. 399, Paris, Anthropos, 1971.
P. Mercier, ‘Classes et Changements Politiques en Afrique Noire’,Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, No. 38, 1965, p. 147.
Martin, op. cit. ‘Inégalités Régionales et Inégalités Sociales: l'Enseignement Secondaire au Cameroun Septentrional’, contribution to the Congrès International des Sciences de l'Éducation, Paris, September 1973. Subsequently published inRevue Française de Sociologie, Vol. XVI, 1975, p. 317–34.
V. Campion-Vincent, ‘Système d'Enseignement et Mobilité Sociale au Sénégal’,Revue Française de Sociologie, No. XI, 1970.
M. Eliou, ‘Scolarisation et Promotion Féminines en Afrique Francophone’, op. cit.,International Review of Education (Hamburg), Vol. XIX, No. 1, 1973, p. 32–3
The works of R. Clignet on Ghana have invalidated the theory according to which ethnic and social selection in the enrolment of secondary school pupils would decrease in the context of an expansion of the system. (R. Clignet, ‘Ethnicity, Social Differentiation, and Secondary Schooling in West Africa’,Cahier d'Études Africaines, Vol. VII, No. 26, 1967, p. 378.)
Pathé Diagne,Pour l'Unité Ouest-africaine. Micro-états et Intégration Économique, p. 240, Paris, Anthropos, 1972.
P. Alexandre,Langues et Langage en Afrique Noire, p. 121, Paris, Payot, 1967.
P. Van Den Berghe, ‘Ethnicity: the African Experience’,Social Science Journal, Vol. XXIII, No. 4, 1971, p. 516.
J. Bugnicourt, inPopulation-Éducation-Développment en Afrique au Sud du Sahara, Réunion d'Experts, Dakar, 29 December – 4 January 1971–72, p. 268.
Study on the Equality of Access of Girls and Women to Education in the Context of Rural Development, United Nationals Economic and Social Council, 1973.
Lê Thành Khôi t al.,L'Enseignement en Afrique Tropicale, p. 85, Paris, IEDE/PUF, 1971.
However, J. Bugnicourt noted the absence of a space strategy in regard to the expansion of these levels of education: ‘Regarding the building of new schools or the enlargement of those existing, the determining factor is the parents' pressure group, more or less relayed, according to the place, by political groups’ (inSemaine Nationale d'Études sur les Rendements Scolaires, Brazzaville, 24–28 March 1970, Dakar, BREA). But the most effective pressure groups are generally those already in good positions.
M. Eliou, ‘La Fuite en Avant dans l'Enseignement Supérieur: les Boursiers Congolais’,Tiers-Monde, Vol. XV, No. 59, July–December 1974, p. 567–82.
P. Bourdieu and J.-Cl. Passeron,La Reproduction, Paris, Minuit, 1970.
‘It is evident that a system of education, adapted or otherwise to the needs of its pupils, cannot be called truly “national” as long as it uses a foreign language as a means of instruction.’ In Dragoljub Najman,Education in Africa, What Next?, p. 83, Aubenas, Deux Mille, 1972.
Lê Thành Khôi, op. cit.,L'Enseignement en Afrique Tropicale, Paris, IEDE/PUF, 1971. p. 279–80.
In another book by D. Najman, we note this remark concerning the future of higher education: ‘… it will consist of highly decentralized institutions, often set up in mere villages.’ (L'Enseignement Supérieur pour Quoi Faire?, p. 174, Paris, Fayard, 1974.)
Since any decentralization, and particularly that of higher education, would give rise to additional expenditure and to unfavourable reactions on the part of teachers, account would have to be taken, in seeking solutions, of all the aspects of the problem.
See M. Eliou,Enseignants Africains. Enquêtes au Congo et au Mali, Paris, IEDES/Université Paris I, 1975, 134 p.
J.-W. Lapierre, ‘L'Asynchronisme dans les Processus de Mutation’,Sociologie des Mutations (under the guidance of G. Balandier), p. 39–49, Paris, Anthropos, 1970.
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A Unesco consultant, she has carried out missions related to the planning and evaluation of education in Africa. Has written on education in Greece and in Africa and on the access of women to education.
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Eliou, M. Educational inequality in Africa: An analysis. Prospects 6, 558–570 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02279147
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02279147