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Slow virus infections with particular reference to maedi-visna and enzootic bovine leukaemia

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Abstract

The slow virus infections include the four neurological diseases: scrapie, transmissible mink encephalopathy, kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease in which a non-classified agent is involved. The group also includes diseases caused by infectious-exogenous — RNA tumour viruses, such as maedi-visna virus and bovine leukaemia virus.

There have been no indications so far that maedi-visna or bovine leukaemia are transmitted by true vertical transmission with an integrated DNA-provirus, but there is an increasing tendency to recognise that vertical transmission, across the placenta or through the milk, does occur with viral information transmitted as infectious particles.

Colostral antibodies give rise to positive serological reaction in the offspring and these antibodies may also interfere with the propagation of viruses in the newborn animal and thus enable them to escape detection in tests for both virus and selfsynthesized antibodies. The tests used at present are suitable only as herd tests and until more sensitive tests have been developed it will not be possible to remove infected animals completely from infected herds and flocks.

Kurzfassung

Zu den Slow Virus Infektionen gehören vier neurologische Erkrankungen: die Traberkrankheit, die übertragbare Nerz-Enzephalopathie, die KuruKrankheit und die Jacob-Creutzfeldt Pseudosklerose, bei denen ein unbekannter Faktor beteiligt ist. Zur gleichen Gruppe gehören weiterhin Krankheiten, die durch infektiöse, exogene RNA-Tumorviren, wie Maedi-Visna Virus und den Rinderleukosevirus hervorgerufen werden.

Die beiden letztgenannten werden horizontal übertragen; es besteht jedoch zunehmend die Neigung, auch die vertikale Ubertragung als wichtigen Aspekt in der Epidemiologie in Betracht zu ziehen. Bei diagnostischen Tests nach hämatologischen oder serologischen Verfahren werden einzelne Tiere unter Umständen nicht herausgefunden, wenn sie als Jungtiere vertikal infiziert wurden. Ausserdem zeigt sich, dass auch horizontal infizierte Einzeltiere unter Umständen nicht herausgefunden, wenn sie als Jungtiere vertikal infiziert wurden. Ausserdem zeigt sich, dass auch horizontal infizierte Einzeltiere unter Umständen serologisch oder hämatologisch oder hämatologisch lange Zeit nicht reagieren und daher nicht identifiziert werden können. Die geganwärtig benutzten Tests eignen sich nur als Herdentests, und erst wenn empfindlichere Tests entwickelt worden sind, wird es möglich sein, sämtliche infizierte Tiere aus Herden auszusondern.

Resume

Les infections à virus lents comprennent les quatre maladies neurologiques suivantes: la tremblante, l'encéphalopathie transmissible du vison, le kuru et la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jacob, dans laquelle intervient un agent non classé. Ce groupe englobe en outre les maladies provoquées par des virus ARN tumoraux, agents infectieux éxogènes tels que le virus de la maladie de Maedi-Visna et le virus de la Leucose bovine.

Ces deux dernières maladies sont transmises horizontalement mais on a de plus en plus tendance à considérer la transmission verticale comme un aspect important de leur épidémiologie. Il arrive que les tests de dépistage basés sur les méthodes hématologiques ou sérologiques soient incapables de détecter certains animaux s'ils sont contaminés en bas âge par la voie verticale. On s'est également rendu compte que, parfois, des animaux contaminée par la voie horizontale ne réagissent pas pendant une période prolongée aux tests sérologiques et hématologiques et qu'il risquent ainsi d'échapper au dépistage. Les tests utilisés actuellement conviennent uniquement pour les examens de troupeaux, et ce n'est que lorsqu'on aura mis au point des tests plus sensibles qu'on pourra épurer complètement les troupeaux contaminés.

Riassunto

Le infezioni striscianti da virus comprendono quattro affezioni neurologiche: scrapie, encefalopatia contagiosa dei visoni, kuru e malattia di Creutzfeldt-Jacob, dovuta ad un agente sconosciuto. Il gruppo comprende inoltre affezioni causate da virus tumorali esogeni RNA, come il virus maedi-visna e quello della leucemia bovina.

La trasmissione degli ultimi due virus avviene in senso orizzontale, ma vi è una tendenza sempre crescente ad ammettere la trasmissione in senso verticale quale importante caratteristica della loro epidemiologia. I test diagnostici sul sangue o sul siero non sempre possono identificare i singoli animali contagiati in precedenza in senso verticale. E'quindi evidente che di tanto in tanto gli animali contagiati per via orizzontale non presentino reazioni all'esame serologico o a quello ematologico per un lungo periodo di tempo e che pertanto non vengano neppure scoperti. I test attualmente in uso sono adatti soltanto ad usi di massa. Fino a quando non saranno stati scoperti metodi più precisi non sarà possibile disinfestare completamente le mandrie e le greggi contagiate.

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Hoff-Jørgensen, R. Slow virus infections with particular reference to maedi-visna and enzootic bovine leukaemia. Vet Res Commun 1, 251–263 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02267656

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