Abstract
This study was designed to confirm the hypothetical dose-dependent effect of alprazolam on memory and to compare its effects on tests measuring different aspects of cognitive and psychomotor functioning. A secondary purpose was to compare the sensitivity of newly developed telephone tests with a standard laboratory test of memory. Twenty healthy male volunteers (aged 18–35 years) participated in a five-way double-blind crossover design. Treatments were single oral doses of alprazolam (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg), placebo and lorazepam 2.0 mg. The latter was included as an internal control for demonstrating sensitivity of the method. Lorazepam significantly impaired all performance measures except two: verbal fluency and accuracy of music recognition were insensitive to drug effects. Alprazolam had clear dose-dependent effects on different aspects of memory: 0.25 mg did not affect any parameter; 0.5 mg impaired performance in a Word Learning Test and a Spatial Memory Test and also psychomotor performance; 1.0 mg additionally impaired Syntactic Reasoning, Semantic Verification, and Critical Flicker Fusion performance. Alprazolam's effects were not selective for any of the cognitive functions as measured in this study. The telephone tests were clearly less sensitive than the standard test, though sufficient for showing significant effects of alprazolam 1 mg and lorazepam 2 mg.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adam JJ, Ketelaars M, Kingma H, Hoek T (1993) On the time course and accuracy of spatial localization: basic data and a two-process model. Acta Psychol 84:135–159
Allen D, Curran HV, Lader M (1991) The effects of repeated doses of clomipramine and alprazolam on physiological, psychomotor and cognitive functions in normal subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 40:355–362
Baddeley AD (1968) A three minute test based on grammatical transformation. Psychon Sci 10:341–342
Baddeley AD (1986) Working memory. Oxford University Press, New York
Barbee JG, Black FW, Kehoe CE, Todorov, AA (1991) A comparison of the single-dose effects of alprazolam, buspirone, and placebo upon memory function. J Clin Psychopharmacol 11:351–356
Block RI, Berchou R (1984) Alprazolam and lorazepam effects on memory acquisition and retrieval processes. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 20:233–241
Bond AJ, Lader MH (1974) The use of analogue scales in rating subjective feelings. Br J Med Psychol 47:211–218
Brand N, Jolles J (1985) Learning and retrieval rate of words presented auditorily and visually. J Gen Psychol 112:201–210
Collins AM, Quillian MR (1969) Retrieval time from semantic memory. J Verb Learn Verb Behav 8:240–247
Curran HV (1986) Tranquilising memories: a review of the effects of benzodiazepines on human memory. Biol Psychol 23:179–213
Curran HV (1991) Benzodiazepines, memory and mood: a review. Psychopharmacology 105:1–8
Curran HV, Schiwy W, Lader MH (1987) Differential amnestic properties of benzodiazepines: a dose-response comparison of two drugs with similar elimination half-lives. Psychopharmacology 92:358–364
Curran HV, Gorenstein C, Lader MH (1993) Comparative amnesic and sedative effects of lorazepam and oxazepam in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 7:249–256
Danjou P, Warot D, Hergueta T, Lacomblez L, Bouhours P, Puech AJ (1992) Comparative study of the psychomotor and antistress effects of ritanserin, alprazolam and diazepam in healthy subjects: some trait anxiety independent responses. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 7:73–79
Ellinwood EH, Heatherly DG, Nikaido AM, Bjornsson TD, Kilts C (1985) Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lorazepam, alprazolam and diazepam. Psychopharmacology 68:392–399
Ghoneim MM, Hinrichs JV, Mewaldt SP (1984a) Dose response analysis of the behavioral effects of diazepam: I. Learning and memory. Psychopharmacology 82:291–295
Ghoneim MM, Mewaldt SP, Hinrichs JV (1984b) Dose response analysis of the behavioral effects of diazepam: II. Psychomotor performance, cognition and mood. Psychopharmacology 82:296–300
Hart RP, Colenda CC, Hamer RM (1991) Effects of buspirone and alprazolam on the cognitive performance of normal elderly subjects. Am J Psychiatry 148:73–77
Jackson JL, Louwerens JW, Cnossen F, de Jong HTP (1992) Testing the effects of the imidazopyridine zolpidem on memory: an ecologically valid approach. Hum Psychopharmacol 7:325–330
Jackson JL, Louwerens JW, Cnossen F, de Jong HTP (1993) Testing the effects of hypnotics on memory via the telephone: fact or fiction? Psychopharmacology 111:127–133
Jex HR, McDonnell JD, Phatak AV (1966) A “critical” tracking task for manual control research. IEEE Trans Hum Fac El 7:138–145
King DJ (1992) Benzodiazepines, amnesia, and sedation: theoretical and clinical issues and controversies. Hum Psychopharmacol 7:79–87
Kirk T, Roache JD, Griffiths RR (1990) Dose response evaluation of the amnestic effects of triazolam and pentobarbital in normal subjects. J Clin Psychopharmacol 10:160–167
Kumar R, Mac DS, Gabrielli WF, Goodwin DW (1987) Anxiolytics and memory: a comparison of lorazepam and alprazolam. J Clin Psychiatry 48:158–160
Norusis MJ (1986) SPSS/PC+ Advanced Statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York
Rey A (1964) L'examen clinique en psychologie. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris
Smirne S, Ferini-Strambi L, Pirola R, Tancredi O, Franchesi M, Pinto P, Bareggi SR (1989) Effects of flunitrazepam on cognitive functions. Psychopharmacology 98:251–256
Uiterwijk MMC, O'Hanlon JF (1994) Acute and subchronic effects of suriclone on actual driving performance, psychometric test parameters and subjective feelings versus those of lorazepam and placebo in healthy volunteers. Technical Report IGVG 93-29. Institute for Drugs, Safety and Behavior, University of Limburg, Maastricht
Vermeeren A, Swijgman HF, O'Hanlon JF (1994) Acute and subchronic effects of alpidem, lorazepam and placebo on anxiety, psychometric test performance and actual driving in anxious patients. Technical Report IGVG 93-19. Institute for Human Psychopharmacology, University of Limburg, Maastricht
Vuurman E, O'Hanlon JF (1991) An improved method for measuring drug effects on the critical fusion frequency (CFF). Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1:467
Weingartner HJ, Hommer D, Lister RG, Thompson K, Wolkowitz O (1992) Selective effects of triazolam on memory. Psychopharmacology 106:341–345
Weingartner HJ, Joyce EM, Sirocco KY, Adams CM, Eckhardt MJ, George T, Lister RG (1993) Specific memory and sedative effects of the benzodiazepine triazolam. J Psychopharmacol 7:305–315
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vermeeren, A., Muntjewerff, N.D., Quint, P.J. et al. Comparison of acute alprazolam (0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg) effects versus those of lorazepam 2 mg and placebo on memory in healthy volunteers using laboratory and telephone tests. Psychopharmacology 118, 1–9 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02245243
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02245243